Retail and commercial services

Retail and commercial services are urban objects, designated for the purpose of housing economic activities that fulfil the role of goods and commercial service provision. Examples include shops, restaurants, credit unions, etc.

Description

Retail and commercial services activities are very important drivers of economic activity within urban areas. Retail services predominantly become clustered within a specific area, offering wide ranging services to consumers, and attracting significant footfall. Retail services which may be offered will range from the sale and supply of consumer goods and products, to the provision of social activities such as bars and restaurants. Retail and services activities will typically occur in one of three primary contexts:

Retail type	Description	Icon
High street	Where the main commercial or retail activity occurs in a city or urban area (larger cities may have a high street for each district or quarter)
Shopping centres	Consist of a complex of shops, restaurants and other businesses in one or more connected buildings
Out of town retail parks	A group of large warehouses and superstores (often selling bulky and white goods) in edge of centre or outside urban areas, with a large quantum of parking space for customers.

These contexts within which retail and commercial services activities occur represent three different urban characters. They are representative to facilitate the reader in determining what applies to his/her unique and specific situation.

In the text below, any of these three icons will be used whenever an observation is specific to one or more of the above mentioned archetypes.

Functions

Economic

The retail and services industry is one of the largest private-sectors in terms of jobs and GDP, but the economic impact of the retail industry extends beyond the industry itself. First of all, retail and services require inputs from various other sectors such as real estate, finance, marketing, transportation, wholesale trade for its operations (the secondary economic impact). Additionally, employees and owners will generate economic spin off as consumers of goods and services (the induced economic effects).

Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of security threats and their economic impact. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide.

Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant investments. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘designing out’ or 'sustainable design' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economical damage.

Mobility

An important transportation issue concerning retail is retail logistics. Retail logistics includes transportation of goods to the points of retail sales and storage there. It also covers additional activities for door delivery of goods to the customers.

Safety

As commercial venues can sometimes be very busy, the ability for the people to get to safety in time in the event of an incident (Evacuation Management) is an important safety aspect.

Security Issues

Commercial areas are more prone to certain types of crime than other urban objects.

• Commercial burglary

Even though there are considerably fewer retail burglaries than residential burglaries, the risk of retail burglary per number of premises is very high. For example, a national survey in Britain found that, in 1993, 24 percent of retail establishments were burgled, compared with just 4 percent of residences. As for this form of crime the measures in a context of urban planning are very limited, it is not included as a security issue for the urban planner.

• Shoplifting is a serious concern for shops. A british survey found that stores lose as much to burglars as they do to shoplifters. As this problem is highly unrelated to the shape of the built environment, it is not included as a security issue for the urban planner.
• Vandalism
• Graffiti

The use of metal roller-shutters have proven effective against burglary, but can have a negative effect on the street scene, and are susceptible to graffiti.

Roller-shutter with graffiti

• Vehicle theft

The use of (particularly unattended) parking lots can attract vehicle thiefs.

• Ram raid
• Robbery

The common presence of ATM machines in commercial areas can attract robbers who rob people who just withdrew money, or they can force people to withdraw money and then rob them of it.

• Pickpocketing can be a problem in commercial areas, especially when they are busy and distractive.

Measures

• Directing traffic flows can be effective against ram-raid. Particularly the use of Bollards and indirect routes reduce the accessibility of the store with ramming vehicles.
• Target hardening can greatly increase the effort needed for criminals to enter the object and thereby reduce the attractiveness of an object. The use of rollershutters can reduce the risk of burglary. It will also increase the risk of graffiti.
• Surveillance can be effective against mentioned security issues, but can incur high costs if implemented as dedicated observers, either on location or remote. A more natural form of surveillance is surveillance by the inhabitants (also known as 'natural surveillance'). This can be very effective if the right conditions are met, such as adequate surveillability of the environment (from the own home), social cohesion and a sense of ownership. These factors can all be influenced by the structure of the built environment, but have proven to be most challenging to achieve in high-rise housing .
• Reaction force is needed to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance effective
• Target removal such as the removal of coin operated gas and electricity meters in houses or coin operated parking meters
• Facilitating compliance can prevent littering by providing ample waste bins, it can prevent unwanted traffic flows by careful design of the mobility in an area
• Ownership is an important aspect in the prevention of unauthorized entry by creating a clear distinction between public and private space
• Maintenance and designing for easy maintenance can be used as the removal of a crime motivator, as deterioration can be an incentive to crime
• Removal of crime motivators ensures the separation of perpetrators , their incentives and opportunities, Such as the prevention of blank, reachable and highly visible walls to prevent graffiti.