Security issue: Raid

Security camera footage of a raid

Raid is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value from a commercial venue by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. For the crime of forceful theft from individuals, see robbery, for the crime of burglary by forcing entrance by use of ramming with vehicles, see Ram raid.

Description

Although the number of robberies from commercial establishments is only about 21% of all robberies, the impact of those robberies is high, affecting primarily personnel, but also clients and bystanders and they can excess to very violent forms. The act of raiding knows several forms:

• Straight: Demanding money immediately upon entering a store.
• Customer: Demanding money some time after entering a store and engaging in the act of making a purchase.
• Merchandise robbery: A less common type is which involves the forcible taking of goods from a store.

Contributing circumstances

Known circumstances to influence the likelihood or impact of raid, are presented in the table below:

Contributing Circumstance	Influence	Description
Presence of shops	increases number of potential targets	As shops are prime targets for raids, and any shop can potentially become a victim of raid, the presence of shops is an important circumstance that contributes to the existence of this security issue.
Presence of particularly vulnerable shops	increases vulnerability of targets	The vulnerability of a shop - and the attraction this has for raiders - is associated with the shop being open late having no surveillance from the shop to the street or vice versa being situated on the street (not in a mall) selling non-food being situated close to a main road being relatively large,
High levels of raiding in the wider neighbourhood	Increases likelihood of targeting.	The distance to known places where offenders live matters. Study shows that raiders prefer areas in or near their neigbourhoods. This means that if the crime is situated nearby, the criminals are most likely situated nearby also and the likelihood of them selecting the new location for working area increases.
High levels of unemployment	Increases likelihood of targeting	Although there is no real scientific consensus with respect to the causal relationship between the socio-economic background and property crime, high levels of unemployment are commonly correlated with higher levels of property crime.
Lack of surveillance.	Decreases risk of detection.	A low level of surveillance, particularly round-the-clock surveillance, decreases the perceived risk of detection for a perpetrator and thereby increases the attractiveness.
Long reaction times or inadequate action of intervention force.	Decreases likelihood of apprehension	Untimely or inappropriate reactions to violence lead to a perception of little control, which will increase perceived risk for the public and decrease perceived risk for the perpetrators.

Impacts

Social impact

Victim employees can also suffer psychological harm.22 “Secondary victimization ” can occur when employers, managers, employees, or those responding to the robbery fail to acknowledge the victim’s trauma.23 This may result from not believing the victim’s description of the attack, discounting the incident, and blaming or criticizing the victim. Psychological problems resulting from victimization may not only affect the employee’s subsequent workplace performance, but also can affect the store’s daily operations.† † Most victims’ organizations agree that immediate intervention and support after a victim endures a robbery is beneficial to the victim’s recovery, yet statistics show that of the 86,000 robbery victims (irrespective of location of victimization) in 1991, only 4 percent of the reported robbery victims were treated by mental health care providers (National Center for Victims of Crime 1997).

(from: robberies of convenient stores, POP center). Pasted to provide extra info. Alexander, see if you can use it.)

Economic impact

Just like robberies, raids have a considerable economic impact (of crime). Apart from the lost revenues, merchandise and damage, the direct costs of raids are primarily the result of physical and emotional harm inflicted to employees, venue managers, or venue owners. Convenience store raids, for instance, frequently lead to injuries inflicted to present employees, leading to an increase in compensation costs, legal expenses and working time losses. According to the National Center for Victims of Crime (2000),“the average cost to employers of a single episode of workplace violence can amount to $250,000 in lost work time and legal expenses". Raids also force venue owners to take preventive security measures such as insurances, DNA Sprays, the reduction of large amounts of cash, etc. Finally, also public authorities will spend time and money on the investigation, prosecution, prevention, support, trial, and supervision of offenders.

Raids not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also have an indirect economic impact. First of all, commercial venues that have been a victim of robbery or raids, may lead to a loss of customers sales. Next to that, frequently raided venues can have problems with attracting and maintaining employees, increasing wage costs. Another effect of frequent robberies and raids on commercial venues can be that venue owners are forced to increase prices for merchandise or limit opening hours. On a more local and regional level, frequent raids can have a negative impact on business in general, the amount and quality of commercial and social venues, quality of life and tourism.

Security measures mitigate the economic costs of security threats, but also demand investment in time and money, for example, security costs (cameras, guards) or the costs of money transports (to avoid too much cash in the stores). At the same time, certain security measures like closed roller shutters that do not create a welcome environment, can reduce the quality of the area, causing damage to local business and tourism, etc. These so-called indirect economic impact of security measures are explained in more detail elsewhere in Securipedia. On top of that, raiders will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the economics of criminal behaviour. Raiders of convenient stores, for example, will tend to disguise themselves in order to circumvent surveillance equipment. With the help of economic tools such as social cost-benefit analysis it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific situation.

Mobility impact

The convictor of a raid needs a form of mobility to leave the place of the raid as soon as possible after the crime. He can for example prepare this by putting a car (with a driver) close by the location of the crime. One can take measures to hamper this, for example, by not making parking places close by raid sensitive locations such as banks.

Safety impact

Convenience store employees suffer from high rates of workplace homicide, second only to taxicab drivers. Customers can also suffer injury from offender assaults. Injuries can result from an employee’s active resistance or from the offender ’s misreading the employee’s nervousness or hesitation as resistance.15 When faced with an employee who chooses to actively resist and is in a face-to-face confrontation, robbers may resort to injuring the worker to avoid apprehension. Higher injury rates are consistently found to be correlated with measures employees take during the robbery.

Measures

Traditionally, measures against raid are mainly left to the responsibility of the entrepreneurs. These measures include target hardening, like providing bullet-proof glass for the clerks, target removal, like limiting the amount of or access to cash, access control by selecting the number of entrances, the door type(s) and placement(s) and the internal environment’s design, or alarm systems to improve reaction times of intervention forces. Measures that have proven to be effective against raid and can be taken (or at least influenced) by the urban planner include:

• Improving surveillance, particularly natural surveillance, by designing the environment of the stores such that good surveillability from the store to the street and vice versa is assured.
• Directing traffic flows to the stores. In order for a store to be attractive for committing a raid, a fast exit strategy needs to be present. By designing the surroundings of the stores such that a fast exit is not present, or can be easily blocked, the attractiveness of a store for raid is strongly reduced.
• Ownership can to some extent reduce the risk of robbery by establishing a firm territoriality of the store(s). For example, a good design of lighting, the parking area and exterior can reduce loitering which reduces the risk of a store being targeted.
• Facilitating compliance can decrease the risk of raid by promoting legitimate activities at times when risk is highest, which encourages good customer behaviour and, offers a source of natural guardianship by increasing the presence of legitimate customers. For instance, store owner could do this by offering free coffee to invite legitimate late-night traffic. Urban planners can influence the present types of customers over a day by carefully considering the mix of establishments. A cinema, for example, could attract a constant presence of legitimate customers during the evening/night.

Enthorf and Spengler(2002) find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery (raids) and violence respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime. According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.