Difference between revisions of "Measure type: Maintenance"
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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| − | Research has shown that a lack of maintenance can act as a disinhibitor for certain crimes. A lack of maintenance over the environment can be seen as "a signal that there is little or no surveillance over an area, that there is little or no social authority exerting control over an area, and that consequently deviant behaviour may be tolerated"<ref>Wolfe Mary K., Mennis Jeremy, ''Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA'', Landscape and Urban Planning 108 (2012) 112– 122</ref>. |
+ | Research has shown that a lack of maintenance can act as a disinhibitor for certain crimes. A lack of maintenance over the environment can be seen as "a signal that there is little or no surveillance over an area, that there is little or no social authority exerting control over an area, and that consequently deviant behaviour may be tolerated"<ref>Wolfe Mary K., Mennis Jeremy, ''Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA'', Landscape and Urban Planning 108 (2012) 112– 122</ref>. |
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| + | Whereas the maintenance itself is usually not a concern of the urban planner, the design for easy maintenance (including repair) is. |
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== Examples == |
== Examples == |
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| + | * Coated walls for easy removal of graffiti |
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| + | * Modular street furniture that can quickly be replaced or repaired if damaged |
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| + | * Street designed for mechanized cleaning, i.e. wide enough and without inaccessible nooks and crannies |
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| + | * Greenery chosen for easy maintenance |
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| + | * Design of the public space to support maintenance, such as providing easy access for maintenance (e.g. support for cleaning of windows on higher floors), preventing wind corners where debris might gather, designing traffic flows to prevent litter in inaccessible places. |
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== Effectiveness == |
== Effectiveness == |
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== Considerations == |
== Considerations == |
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=== General considerations === |
=== General considerations === |
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| + | Designing for easy maintenance can be most effectively implemented in cooperation with the persons or organisations responsible for this maintenance. |
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| − | The form of measures that are most suited to provide ownership depend on the location and use of the object. High fences and landscape that actively impede access are most appropriate in places that are vulnerable to crime, such as the back of dwellings. Lower barriers, hedges and bushes are also highly useful to signify the public/private divide. |
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=== Urban planning considerations === |
=== Urban planning considerations === |
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=== Safety/security considerations === |
=== Safety/security considerations === |
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| + | One should be careful to provide easy access for maintenance indiscriminately, as this might result in criminals (Burglars, vandals) misusing this to facilitate their crimes. |
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| − | Wherever an increased sense of ownership leads to an increase in social cohesion, people may look out for each other. This can be expressed in security issues (by for example not accepting aggression to an fellow resident), or in safety issues (like taking care of an injured fellow resident after an accident). |
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| + | [[Image:Vandalised picnic table - geograph.org.uk - 782295.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Vandalised picnic table, showing sharp edges and unsafe for use]]By supporting easy maintenance, safety risks originating from damaged safety features can be prevented. |
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=== Social considerations === |
=== Social considerations === |
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Revision as of 14:15, 2 April 2013
Maintenance is the measure of discouraging crime by designing places with management and maintenance in mind.
Description
Research has shown that a lack of maintenance can act as a disinhibitor for certain crimes. A lack of maintenance over the environment can be seen as "a signal that there is little or no surveillance over an area, that there is little or no social authority exerting control over an area, and that consequently deviant behaviour may be tolerated"[1].
Whereas the maintenance itself is usually not a concern of the urban planner, the design for easy maintenance (including repair) is.
Examples
- Coated walls for easy removal of graffiti
- Modular street furniture that can quickly be replaced or repaired if damaged
- Street designed for mechanized cleaning, i.e. wide enough and without inaccessible nooks and crannies
- Greenery chosen for easy maintenance
- Design of the public space to support maintenance, such as providing easy access for maintenance (e.g. support for cleaning of windows on higher floors), preventing wind corners where debris might gather, designing traffic flows to prevent litter in inaccessible places.
Effectiveness
Security issues where this measure can be effective and influenced by the urban planner, are:
| Financial gain | Boredom or compulsive behaviour | Impulse | Conflict in beliefs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Burglary{{#info:Burglary is the crime of illicitly entering a building with the intent to commit an offence, particularly (but not limited to) theft.}} | Physical assault{{#info:Assault, is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear or to experience any type of violence, except for sexual violence}} | Destruction by riots{{#info:Destruction by riots is the act of vandalism of property by organised groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.}} | Mass killing{{#info:Mass killing is the crime of purposely causing harm or death to a group of (unknown) people in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This threat is exerted out of wilful action by fanatics: terrorists or criminal activists.}} |
| Ram-raiding{{#info:Ram raid is a particular technique for burglars to gain access to primarily commercial premises, by means of driving -usually stolen- vehicles into locked or closed entrances, exits or windows.}} | Sexual assault{{#info:Sexual assault is assault of a sexual nature on another person, or any sexual act committed without consent}} | Destruction of property by fanatics{{#info:Destruction by fanatics is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion.}} | |
| Pickpocketing{{#info:Pickpocketing is a form of theft that involves the stealing of valuables from a victim without their noticing the theft at the time. }} | Vandalism{{#info:Vandalism is the act of wilful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of property without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control.}} | ||
| Robbery{{#info:Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. It is used her exclusively for acts committed to individual persons.}} | Graffiti{{#info:Grafitti is the defacement of property by means of writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed on a surface in a public place without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control. }} | ||
| Raid{{#info:Raid is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value from a commercial venue by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear.}} | Antisocial Behaviour{{#info:Antisocial behaviour is an accumulation category of relatively small crimes that highly influence the security perception of citizens. }} | ||
| Vehicle theft{{#info:Vehicle theft is the crime of theft, or attempt of theft of or from a motor vehicle (automobile, truck, bus, motorcycle, etc.).}} |
table to be updated if security issue pages finished
Considerations
General considerations
Designing for easy maintenance can be most effectively implemented in cooperation with the persons or organisations responsible for this maintenance.
Urban planning considerations
Safety/security considerations
One should be careful to provide easy access for maintenance indiscriminately, as this might result in criminals (Burglars, vandals) misusing this to facilitate their crimes.
By supporting easy maintenance, safety risks originating from damaged safety features can be prevented.
Social considerations
Economic considerations
Mobility considerations
Ethics considerations
Legal considerations
Footnotes and references
- ↑ Wolfe Mary K., Mennis Jeremy, Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA, Landscape and Urban Planning 108 (2012) 112– 122
