Difference between revisions of "Crime"
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An indication of the relative size of these crime types and their development through the years is given in the figure <ref>Derived from [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=crim_gen&language=en&mode=view Eurostat crime statistics database] "Crim_gen"</ref>. |
An indication of the relative size of these crime types and their development through the years is given in the figure <ref>Derived from [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=crim_gen&language=en&mode=view Eurostat crime statistics database] "Crim_gen"</ref>. |
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| − | [[File:crime statistics England and Wales 2010-2011.png|thumb|right|400px|Crimetype statistics in England and Wales]]As an illustration of the variability in the way crimes are recorded, the crime statistics of England and Wales of the year 2010-2011<ref>http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/hosb1011?view=Binary</ref> are presented in the figure to the right. |
+ | [[File:crime statistics England and Wales 2010-2011.png|thumb|right|400px|Crimetype statistics in England and Wales]]As an illustration of the variability in the way and level of detail crimes are recorded, the crime statistics of England and Wales of the year 2010-2011<ref>http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/hosb1011?view=Binary</ref> are presented in the figure to the right. |
==Influenceability of crime by urban design== |
==Influenceability of crime by urban design== |
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Revision as of 17:39, 19 December 2012
Contents
Crime
Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via mechanisms such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction.[1]
Causes of crime
In brief, a criminal event happens when a predisposed, motivated and resourceful offender encounters, or engineers, a conducive crime situation. The situation in turn comprises a suitable target in a favourable environment, in the absence of people who might prevent the crime and the presence of those who might promote it. This has been called the Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity[2][3]
Types of crime
A classification that is developed[4] for use in the urban environment that the types of crime most relevant to urban design, is based on the motivation of perpetrators:
The first category of criminals (thieves) is motivated by financial gain. They can be subdivided into:
- Burglars, who gain wealth by illicitly entering buildings,
- Robbers, who gain wealth by force of threat.
- Extortionists, who gain wealth by use of coercion and
- Frauds, who gain wealth by intentional deception
The second category of criminal (vandals) is motivated by amusement (such as bored youth bothering passers-by) or by compulsive behaviour (such as pyromaniacs). They can be sub divided into:
- Property vandals, who seek damage or destruction of property, and
- Person vandals, who assaults other people physically or mentally.
The third category (rioters) is motivated by impulse, often under group pressure, often in a situation with a high level of excitement or arousal. Two subtypes of rioters are:
- Protesters and
- Hooligans.
The fourth and last category is motivated by conflict in beliefs (fanatics) and tries to impose rules or beliefs upon others by use of coercion. The level of coercion can vary a great deal, ranging from mental abuse to mass killing. Subtypes of fanatics are:
- Religious fanatics, who try to impose religious beliefs or religious rules
- Ethnic fanatics, who coerce specific ethnic groups and
- Cultural fanatics, who try to impose cultural beliefs (for example about animal welfare in the fur industry, globalism or conservationism) upon others.
Occurence of crime
A uniform classification of crime that is generally accepted does not exist. In the EU, member countries are obliged to report crime statistics in their country annually. Although countries will use their own systems and classifications, they report their figures according to the classification used for these statistics which distinguishes between the following crime types:
- Homicide[5],
- Drug trafficking[6],
- Robbery[7],
- Motor vehicle theft[8],
- Domestic burglary[9] and
- Violent crime[10].
An indication of the relative size of these crime types and their development through the years is given in the figure [11].
As an illustration of the variability in the way and level of detail crimes are recorded, the crime statistics of England and Wales of the year 2010-2011[12] are presented in the figure to the right.
Influenceability of crime by urban design
<to be amended>
Impact of crime
<to be amended>
Crimes relevant for the urban planner
The types of crime that are deemed relevant enough for the urban planning process to be explicitly elaborated in this Securipedia, are called Security Issues. These issues are:
- Burglary
- Ram-raiding
- Pickpocketing
- Robbery
- Vehicle theft
- Physical assault
- Sexual assault
- Vandalism
- Destruction by riots
- Destruction of property by fanatics (terrorists)
- Graffiti
- Mass killing (by fanatics)
- Raid (commercial theft with use of violence)
- Antisocial Behaviour
Footnotes and references
- ↑ from: wikipedia
- ↑ [Secured by design - Safer Places]
- ↑ Ekblom, The conjunction of criminal opportunity, http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100413151441/http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/learningzone/ccofull.pdf
- ↑ Developed in the Secure haven project (in Dutch) and adapted for use in the Securban tool component and this wiki.
- ↑ Definition: This is defined as intentional killing of a person, including murder, manslaughter, euthanasia and infanticide. Causing death by dangerous driving is excluded, as are abortion and help with suicide. Attempted (uncompleted) homicide is also excluded. The counting unit for homicide is normally the victim (rather than the case).
- ↑ Definition:This is defined as the illegal possession, cultivation, production, supplying, transportation, importing, exporting, financing etc. of drug operations which are not solely in connection with personal use.
- ↑ Robbery is a sub-set of violent crime. It is defined as stealing from a person with force or threat of force, including muggings (bag-snatching) and theft with violence. Pick-pocketing, extortion and blackmailing are generally not included.
- ↑ Motor vehicles include all land vehicles with an engine that run on the road which are used to carry people (including cars, motor cycles, buses, lorries, construction and agricultural vehicles, etc.).
- ↑ Domestic burglary is defined as gaining access to a dwelling by the use of force to steal goods.
- ↑ This includes violence against the person (such as physical assault), robbery (stealing by force or by threat of force), and sexual offences (including rape and sexual assault).
- ↑ Derived from Eurostat crime statistics database "Crim_gen"
- ↑ http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/hosb1011?view=Binary
MAP
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