Difference between revisions of "Economic Impact Study"

From Securipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(107 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
  +
[[Category:Economic]]
−
An '''Economic Impact Study''' is one of the more often used [[economic tools]] to facilitate the preparation of a robust urban plan. It traces the flows of spending associated with a spatial development to identify changes in economic activities of the sectors in a local/regional economy. This is done by measuring or estimating the changes in [[economic output]](like an increase in sales, income and jobs).
 
  +
[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]An '''economic impact study''' (assessment or analysis) is an [[Economic tools|economic tool]]/method traces the total economic activity generated by a policy, investment, project, venue or activity in a pre-defined impact area. This impact area is determined by the nature of the explored case study and can enhance an individual city, region or an entire country. Economic impact studies support the decision making process to understand the economic consequences of all kinds of relevant questions such as:
   
  +
* How much income does a spatial development project generate for city X?
  +
* What portion of sales by local business is due to sector Y?
  +
* How many jobs in region Z are supported by the construction sector?
  +
* How much tax revenues will project 1 generate?
  +
* How much income do households and businesses generate in area 2?
  +
* What will the permanent and temporary economic effects be of project 3?
  +
  +
The wide scope of the above mentioned questions already suggests that economic impact studies are one of the most often applied [[economic tools]] to facilitate the preparation of a robust urban plan. One should keep in mind, however, that economic impact studies do not include the environmental and broader social impacts such as quality of life. Hence, impact studies are only one of the tools available for decision makers.
  +
  +
== Relevance ==
  +
Knowledge about economic models/tools such as an economic impact study can help the urban planner to systematically survey all the relevant (socio-economic) impact caused by an urban development and security threats. This insight will help the responsible urban planners to make the best choices from an socio-economic point of view.
  +
  +
== Measured economic effects ==
  +
The economic impact model calculates the direct ([[Primary economic impact|primary]]), indirect and induced ([[Secondary economic impact|secondary]]) effects of the urban development plan:
 
 
  +
*'''Direct effects''' are generally defined as production changes associated with the immediate effects of change in expenditures. An impulse in construction activity, for example, leads to an increase in wages, profits, taxes paid etc.
−
= Economic impact calculation =
  
  +
*'''Indirect effects''' are generally defined as production changes resulting from various rounds of re-spending of the receivers of the direct spending impulse in other backward-linked sectors. Architects and brick suppliers, for example, will receive orders from the construction companies responsible for the construction of the ordered development.
−
The modelused to measure the economic impact of an urban project development containsseveral modules (depending on the project scope). The figure below is anexample of an Economic Impact Model for a tourist, and residential area:
  
  +
*[[Induced effects]] are the effects resulting from the re-expenditures of households. Employees of companies earn wages that are spend on goods and services. This means that not only the purchases of the construction companies are included, but also the expenses of the employees of the construction companies etc.
   
−
[[File:economic impact study.png]]
 +
== The model behind the economic impact study ==
  +
There are multiple ways to perform an economic impact study, but in general, economists use models that exist of the following steps:
−
Example of an Economic Impact model
  
   
  +
[[File:EIS_steps_V02.png|750px| Source: Decisio (2012)]]
−
The example contains three modules: construction, residential, and tourism. The main inputs for the modules are determined by the scope of the project (the amount of residential units, hotel rooms, bars and restaurant, etc.). Based on the input and its interrelationships, the module calculates the direct output impacts ofthe urban development.
 
  +
−
 
  +
Source: '''[http://www.decisio.nl/?lang=en Decisio (2012)]'''
−
The Economic Impact Model calculates the direct (primary), indirect and induced(secondary) effects of the urban development plan:
  
  +
−
 
  +
====Step 1: measuring the direct impact====
−
*[[Direct effects]] are production changes associated with the immediate effects of change in expenditures. An impulse in construction activity, for example, leads to an increase in wages, profits,taxes paid, et cetera.
  
  +
The direct impact of a spatial development contains the created direct expenditures and are associated with the first round of spending in the economy (without any subsequent transactions).
−
*[[Indirect effects]] are the production changes resulting from various rounds of re-spending of the receivers of the direct spending impulse in other backward-linked industries. For example: architects and brick suppliers will receive orders from the construction companies responsible for the construction of the ordered development.
  
  +
−
*[[Induced effects]] are the effects resulting from the re-expenditures of households. Employees of companies earn wages that are spend on goods and services. This means that not only the construction companies purchases are included, but also the expenses of the employees of the construction company, et cetera.
  
  +
An example: [[File:Itäkeskus shopping centre.JPG|thumb|Itäkeskus shopping centre]]
−
 
  +
−
== Model calculations ==
  
  +
{{quote|The building of a new shopping mall will create temporarily jobs in the construction sector and permanent jobs in retail and affiliate sectors such as cleaning and maintenance. In addition, the real estate owners will generate income from lease contracts and the local government will be able to collect tax revenues.}}
−
Based on the direct input (the amount of invested capital and labour, etc.), economists calculate the impact of the urban development project on the whole economy. This is mostly done with the help of so-called [[Input-output analysis]].
  
  +
−
 
  +
Based on the scope of the economic impact study, economists will focus their effort on those sectors in the pre-defined impact area that are affected most by the studies entity. For the example above, for instance, economists would focus their attention on the construction sector, the real estate sector and the retail sector. To do this, some economists create different modules in order to determine the interrelations between the different sectors (see example below):
−
=== Datacollection and analyses ===
  
  +
−
The dataand information model engineers need are mostly available from existing data orprevious studies. The following list shows some of the information needed:
  
  +
[[File:EIS_modules_V01.png|400px| Source: Decisio (2012)]]
−
 
  +
−
Supplyinformation:
  
  +
Source: '''[http://www.decisio.nl/?lang=en Decisio (2012)]'''
−
 
  +
−
*Demographic statistics (resident population, employment statistics, number andtype of businesses, etc.)
  
  +
====Step 2: measuring the indirect and induced impact====
−
* Thedetails of the [#_Development_plan Development Plan] (amount of planned hotelrooms, residential houses, etc.)
  
  +
The next step for economists is to estimate the [[Secondary economic impact|indirect economic effects]] on the economy. These secondary impacts are more difficult to quantify and there are different approaches possible to do this. In case enough economic data/statistics are available, economists could use an [[Input-output analysis|input-output model]] to estimate the indirect effects.
−
*Qualitative economic information (expected economic growth, the quality of thelocal economy, etc.)
  
  +
−
 
  +
{{quote|An '''[[Input-output analysis|input-output model]]''' is a quantitative economic tool that captures the inter-sectoral transactions. It contains large tables of data that describe the transactions in pre-defined impact areas. These tables help the users to track the flow of money from one sector to the next. The technique of input-output analysis is originally created by Wassily Leontief (1965).}}
−
Demandinformation:
  
  +
−
 
  +
====Step 3: Estimating the total economic impact====
−
*Statistical data on consumption, investments, export (e.g., the regional andlocal volume of tourist spending)
  
  +
In the final step, not only the direct and indirect impacts are added up, but also the socio-economic effects that are not quantifiable are assessed. Pubic education or research and development, for example, create benefits to society that are very difficult to quantify and to link to a specific institute.
−
* Demandsurveys (e.g, for the real estate market, construction, and tourism)
  
  +
  +
== Case study examples ==
  +
# The public authorities of City X wish to gain insight in the extensive economic impact of a spatial development plan in order to support the the decision making process to determine the optimal zoning plan.
  +
# An application has been submitted by a large chain retail store to amend the official zoning plan to allow a new 2,000 square meter retail store on the outskirts of town. The public authorities aim to check if the suggested positive impact on the local economy is true before a decision is made.
  +
# The regional authorities of an economic core region wish to find out what the economic impact would be of a terrorist assault on its main business and financial district.
  +
# Local authorities wish to gain insights in the impact of crime on the local economy.
  +
  +
== Data collection and analyses ==
  +
The data and information used by model engineers are mostly available from existing data or previous studies. The following list sums up some of the information needed:
 
 
  +
{| class="wikitable"
  +
|-
  +
! Supply information !! Demand information
  +
|-
  +
| Demographic statistics (resident population, employment statistics, number and type of businesses etc.) || Statistical data on consumption, investments, export (''e.g.'', the regional and local volume of tourist spending)
  +
|-
  +
| The details of the [[Supporting report]] (amount of planned hotel rooms, residential houses etc.) || Demand surveys (''e.g.'', for the real estate market, construction, and tourism)
  +
|-
  +
| Qualitative economic information (expected economic growth, the quality of the local economy etc.) ||
  +
|-
  +
|}
  +
  +
==Limits of economic models==
  +
Like any other economic tool, economic impact studies have their [[Limits of economic analysis|fundamental and methodological limits]].
  +
 
== Related subjects ==
  
== Related subjects ==
  +
Urban planning processes employ a host of other economic tools/models:
−
[#_Social_cost-benefit_analysis_2Social Cost-Benefit analysis]
  
  +
* [[Input-output analysis|Input-output analysis]]
  +
* [[Social cost-benefit analysis|Social cost-benefit analysis]]
  +
* [[Business case|Business case]]
  +
* [[Other economic tools|Other economic tools]]
  +
* [[Economic tools|Economic tools]]
  +
  +
See also the clickable map below:
  +
  +
<imagemap>
  +
Image:Economic_tools_v7.png| 350 px
  +
  +
rect 60 321 319 487 [[Social cost-benefit analysis|Social cost-benefit analysis]]
  +
rect 360 550 716 763 [[Input-output analysis|Input-output analysis]]
  +
rect 382 349 600 500 [[Economic tools|Economic tools]]
  +
rect 289 148 456 277 [[Other economic tools|Other economic tools]]
  +
rect 574 162 790 271 [[Business case|Business case]]
  +
rect 978 521 1301 759 [[Economic Impact Study|Economic impact study]]
  +
  +
desc bottom-left
  +
</imagemap>
  +
  +
Other related subjects:
  +
* [[Economic output]]
  +
* [[Economic impact]]
  +
* [[Economic dimension of urban planning]]
  +
  +
{{references}}

Latest revision as of 00:02, 20 January 2018

This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise

An economic impact study (assessment or analysis) is an economic tool/method traces the total economic activity generated by a policy, investment, project, venue or activity in a pre-defined impact area. This impact area is determined by the nature of the explored case study and can enhance an individual city, region or an entire country. Economic impact studies support the decision making process to understand the economic consequences of all kinds of relevant questions such as:

  • How much income does a spatial development project generate for city X?
  • What portion of sales by local business is due to sector Y?
  • How many jobs in region Z are supported by the construction sector?
  • How much tax revenues will project 1 generate?
  • How much income do households and businesses generate in area 2?
  • What will the permanent and temporary economic effects be of project 3?

The wide scope of the above mentioned questions already suggests that economic impact studies are one of the most often applied economic tools to facilitate the preparation of a robust urban plan. One should keep in mind, however, that economic impact studies do not include the environmental and broader social impacts such as quality of life. Hence, impact studies are only one of the tools available for decision makers.

Relevance

Knowledge about economic models/tools such as an economic impact study can help the urban planner to systematically survey all the relevant (socio-economic) impact caused by an urban development and security threats. This insight will help the responsible urban planners to make the best choices from an socio-economic point of view.

Measured economic effects

The economic impact model calculates the direct (primary), indirect and induced (secondary) effects of the urban development plan:

  • Direct effects are generally defined as production changes associated with the immediate effects of change in expenditures. An impulse in construction activity, for example, leads to an increase in wages, profits, taxes paid etc.
  • Indirect effects are generally defined as production changes resulting from various rounds of re-spending of the receivers of the direct spending impulse in other backward-linked sectors. Architects and brick suppliers, for example, will receive orders from the construction companies responsible for the construction of the ordered development.
  • Induced effects are the effects resulting from the re-expenditures of households. Employees of companies earn wages that are spend on goods and services. This means that not only the purchases of the construction companies are included, but also the expenses of the employees of the construction companies etc.

The model behind the economic impact study

There are multiple ways to perform an economic impact study, but in general, economists use models that exist of the following steps:

Source: Decisio (2012)

Source: Decisio (2012)

Step 1: measuring the direct impact

The direct impact of a spatial development contains the created direct expenditures and are associated with the first round of spending in the economy (without any subsequent transactions).

An example:

Itäkeskus shopping centre

The building of a new shopping mall will create temporarily jobs in the construction sector and permanent jobs in retail and affiliate sectors such as cleaning and maintenance. In addition, the real estate owners will generate income from lease contracts and the local government will be able to collect tax revenues.

Based on the scope of the economic impact study, economists will focus their effort on those sectors in the pre-defined impact area that are affected most by the studies entity. For the example above, for instance, economists would focus their attention on the construction sector, the real estate sector and the retail sector. To do this, some economists create different modules in order to determine the interrelations between the different sectors (see example below):

Source: Decisio (2012)

Source: Decisio (2012)

Step 2: measuring the indirect and induced impact

The next step for economists is to estimate the indirect economic effects on the economy. These secondary impacts are more difficult to quantify and there are different approaches possible to do this. In case enough economic data/statistics are available, economists could use an input-output model to estimate the indirect effects.

An input-output model is a quantitative economic tool that captures the inter-sectoral transactions. It contains large tables of data that describe the transactions in pre-defined impact areas. These tables help the users to track the flow of money from one sector to the next. The technique of input-output analysis is originally created by Wassily Leontief (1965).

Step 3: Estimating the total economic impact

In the final step, not only the direct and indirect impacts are added up, but also the socio-economic effects that are not quantifiable are assessed. Pubic education or research and development, for example, create benefits to society that are very difficult to quantify and to link to a specific institute.

Case study examples

  1. The public authorities of City X wish to gain insight in the extensive economic impact of a spatial development plan in order to support the the decision making process to determine the optimal zoning plan.
  2. An application has been submitted by a large chain retail store to amend the official zoning plan to allow a new 2,000 square meter retail store on the outskirts of town. The public authorities aim to check if the suggested positive impact on the local economy is true before a decision is made.
  3. The regional authorities of an economic core region wish to find out what the economic impact would be of a terrorist assault on its main business and financial district.
  4. Local authorities wish to gain insights in the impact of crime on the local economy.

Data collection and analyses

The data and information used by model engineers are mostly available from existing data or previous studies. The following list sums up some of the information needed:

Supply information Demand information
Demographic statistics (resident population, employment statistics, number and type of businesses etc.) Statistical data on consumption, investments, export (e.g., the regional and local volume of tourist spending)
The details of the Supporting report (amount of planned hotel rooms, residential houses etc.) Demand surveys (e.g., for the real estate market, construction, and tourism)
Qualitative economic information (expected economic growth, the quality of the local economy etc.)

Limits of economic models

Like any other economic tool, economic impact studies have their fundamental and methodological limits.

Related subjects

Urban planning processes employ a host of other economic tools/models:

See also the clickable map below:

Social cost-benefit analysisInput-output analysisEconomic toolsOther economic toolsBusiness caseEconomic impact studyEconomic tools v7.png
About this image

Other related subjects:

Footnotes and references

Retrieved from "https://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Economic_Impact_Study&oldid=13980"