Difference between revisions of "Economic impact"
| (102 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Economic]] |
|
| + | [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Economic impact''' is the unilateral causality between economic notions on the one hand, and outcomes of a private and/or public project, decision, event or policy on the other hand. It may be viewed (or measured) in terms of measurable output: value added, wealth, personal income (wages), public income and expenditures or employment levels<ref name=Weisbrod>Weisbrod, B and G. Weisbrod (1997): Measuring economic impacts of projects and programs. Economic Development Research Group.</ref>, but also in non-financial terms such as the increase of welfare due to a decrease in crime or an increase in leisure activities. |
||
| − | Governments, as well as private parties, develop many ambitious ideas and plans for spatial development and new infrastructure. Hence, one regularly reads in the news about claims that the development of a new urban area creates X jobs in an area or that a big sport venue generates Y million Euros in sales or income in a community, et cetera. This kind of quantitative insights in the '''economic impact''' (costs and benefits) of urban development are touted by parties for a variety of reasons: |
||
| − | # First of all, public investments need to be substantiated and accounted for, and furthermore the desirability and necessity of the investment has to be very clear. |
||
| − | # Secondly, also private investors need to know if an investment decision will generate enough future cash flow in relationship to the invested capital (return on investment). |
||
| − | # Finally, claims of real estate developers, construction industry and other connected industries about their economic significance, give these industries greater respect among the business community, public authorities, and the public in general. |
||
| + | ==Description== |
||
| − | The scope of economic impact depends on the function (e.g., a mobility function or a residential function) of an [[urban object]]/[[urban environment|environment]], and is usually generated by capital costs for the construction and maintenance part, and on the other hand by the [[return on investment]] generated by sales income, real estate value, local spending by tourists, et cetera. These examples already suggest that a lot of different economic impacts can be defined, within the spectrum of urban planning. |
||
| + | "Economic impacts are effects on the level of economic activity in a given area"(Weisbrod, 1997)<ref name=Weisbrod></ref>. In general, economists distinguish direct, indirect and [[Induced effects|induced]] economic effects. Direct economic effects are also referred to as 'primary effects' and indirect and induced economic effects are also collectively referred to as 'secondary economic effects'. The total economic impact of a development plan, threat or security measure is the sum of primary and secondary economic effects within a host economy (e.g. a city, county, region or country. These economic effects are viewed or measured with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]], and translated in financial and economic ([[Economic output|output)terms]] such as income, financial damage, value added, employment, etc. |
||
| + | [[File:Economic impact.png|thumb|Economic impact]] |
||
| − | <h2>Definitions</h2> |
||
| + | Economic impact always refers to the level of economic activity in a certain area (in terms of jobs, income, wealth, etc.) and should not be confused with the monetary value of a willingness to pay by individuals/communities for e.g. safety, leisure, clean air and so on (the economic concept of [[External effects|external impact]]. Social impact, in contrast, focuses more on the more qualitative effects of a project for society. Examples of social impact of urban planning are: the impact on the quality of life in general, the labour market, crime, safety, health, and so on. |
||
| − | ====Impact==== |
||
| − | An impact implies a clear and unilateral causality between two notions<ref>Source: Dutch department of Infrastructure (2000) ‘Fundamenteel voorwaarts’. Infrastructure Effects Overview (IEO).</ref>. |
||
| − | + | ===Economic impact of a project development plan=== |
|
| + | With regard to an urban development plan, [http://www.decisio.nl/english-profile/?lang=en economists] primarily focus on the costs and benefits induced by this plan, including transaction costs and public budget effects<ref>Jongeneel, R., H. Leneman (eds), J. Bremmer, V.G.M. Linderhof, R. Michels, N.P.B. Polman & A.B. Smit (2009): Impact assessment of economic and social consequences of environmental and nature policies; the development of a framework and a checklist. Wageningen, Statutory Research Tasks Unit for Nature and the Environment. WOt-rapport 96.</ref>. |
||
| − | Economic impact is the unilateral causality between economic notions on the one hand and outcomes of a private and/or public project, decision, event or policy on the other hand. It may be viewed (or measured) in terms of output: value added, wealth, personal income (wages), public income and expenditures or employment levels ([[economic output]])<ref>Source: B. and G. Weisbrod (1997). Measuring economic impacts of projects and programs. Economic Development Research Group.</ref>. |
||
| + | |||
| + | ===Economic impact of security related issues=== |
||
| + | Urban areas (cities in particular) traditionally try to control crime levels and terrorist threats. The economic rationale behind this is that in case the population of urban areas increasingly feel unsafe, they will more and more retreat themselves from public life, causing a negative economic spiral caused by a decrease in public tax income resulting in a decrease in public facilities making cities less and less attractive to live in (causing everybody who can afford it to move outside the cities as what happened in cities like London and Amsterdam in the seventies of the twentieth century. In sum, the [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]] (crime & terrorism) is mostly negative due to the direct damage to buildings, infrastructure, and population. In addition, crime and terrorism cause negative indirect economic effects that could end up in negative economic spirals as mentioned above. The goal of [[Measure|security measures]] is to mitigate these economic effects of crime and terrorism, but also security measures create an economic impact<ref>Think, for example, of the security measures on airports which have lead to a decrease in travel time.</ref>, referred to as the [[Economic effects of security measures|economic effects of security measures]]. Criminals and terrorist, finally, will alter their behaviour in reply to security measures to reach their goal (as much as possible gain against as least as possible costs). In Securipedia we explain this phenomenon in the pages on the economics of [[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|criminal and terrorist behaviour]]. |
||
==Categories of economic impact== |
==Categories of economic impact== |
||
| + | Securipedia is focusing on the following four subdimensions of economic impact, all regarded of paramount importance for the urban planner: |
||
| − | Economists use various definitions and terminology for categorizing economic impacts. The two main categories of economic impact are '''primary''' and '''secondary''' economic impacts, also referred to as direct and indirect economic impact. |
||
| + | * The [[Economic impact of urban planning|economic impact of urban planning]] |
||
| + | * The [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]] |
||
| + | * The [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]] |
||
| + | * The [[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|economics of crime and terrorism]] |
||
| + | The two main categories of economic impact are '''primary''' and '''secondary''' economic impacts, also referred to as direct and indirect economic impact. |
||
| − | [[Primary economic impact|'''Primary''' economic impact]] (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific urban project development. The construction company in charge of building the urban object, for example, will pay its employees and will pay its suppliers. The user of the urban object will gain utility from the use of the particular urban object. |
||
| + | |||
| + | ===Primary (direct) economic impact=== |
||
| + | [[Primary economic impact|'''Primary''' economic impact]] (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific urban project/program or security event in the home market. |
||
| + | |||
| + | For example: A development program for 500 residential units generates economic impulses in the construction and real estate sectors in the form of jobs, income, business profits and public tax revenues for the involved companies, individuals and public authorities. |
||
| + | |||
| + | ===Secondary (indirect) economic impact=== |
||
| + | [[Secondary economic impact|'''Secondary''' economic impact]] (or indirect effects) are changes in economic activity resulting from subsequent rounds of expenditure ('re-expenditures') of business companies, households and public authorities outside the home market. |
||
| + | |||
| + | For example: The suppliers of the construction companies responsible for the realisation of the 500 residential units will also pay their employees and will buy supplies from subsequent suppliers. Furthermore, the employees of these companies will spend their wages on housing and other consumption goods and services, and also the public authorities will receive income, profit and value added tax. |
||
| − | [[Secondary economic impact|'''Secondary''' economic impact]] (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made. The suppliers of the construction company responsible for the construction of the urban project, for example, will also pay their employees and will buy supplies from subsequent suppliers. Furthermore, the employees will spend their wages on housing and other consumption goods and services. These are all examples of secondary economic impacts. |
||
Below an example how € 1 spent on construction generates € 1 of primary economic output and € 1.19 of secondary economic output in another sector: |
Below an example how € 1 spent on construction generates € 1 of primary economic output and € 1.19 of secondary economic output in another sector: |
||
| − | |||
<imagemap> |
<imagemap> |
||
Image:Model_of_economic_impact.png| |
Image:Model_of_economic_impact.png| |
||
| − | rect 3 40 85 86 [[Investment]] |
||
rect 119 41 199 89 [[Primary economic impact|Primary impact]] |
rect 119 41 199 89 [[Primary economic impact|Primary impact]] |
||
rect 231 41 313 88 [[Secondary economic impact|Secondary impact]] |
rect 231 41 313 88 [[Secondary economic impact|Secondary impact]] |
||
| − | rect 346 42 429 87 [[Return on investment|Return on investment]] |
||
| − | |||
desc bottom-left |
desc bottom-left |
||
</imagemap> |
</imagemap> |
||
| − | + | ===Gross and net economic impacts=== |
|
| − | Economic impact is mostly measured in terms of the urban object’s effect on the level of economic activities in a given area. This is what economists refer to as the gross economic effect, which is not necessarily the same as the net economic impact <ref |
+ | Economic impact is mostly measured in terms of the urban object’s effect on the level of economic activities in a given area. This is what economists refer to as the gross economic effect, which is not necessarily the same as the net economic impact <ref name=Weisbrod></ref>. The measurement of the net economic impact includes the effects of other activities, policy or events that should be considered as well, especially when they would have had a more prominent function in the urban environment. For instance: ''The development of an indoor shopping mall will compete with the already existing retail shops. Therefore, the jobs created in the mall will for a substantial part be shifted away from the latter mentioned stores unless the total consumption in the area will increase (e.g. due to an increase in tourism). The net economic impact takes account of the economic impact on all retail stores in the designated area.'' |
| − | :''The development of an indoor shopping mall will compete with the already existing retail shops. Therefore, the jobs created in the mall will for a substantial part be shifted away from the latter mentioned stores unless the total consumption in the area will increase (e.g. due to an increase in tourism). The net economic impact takes account of the economic impact on all retail stores in the designated area.'' |
||
| + | == Related subjects== |
||
| − | ==Economic impact versus social impact== |
||
| + | *[[Economic|Economic main page]] |
||
| − | Economic impact is primarily aimed at the costs and benefits induced by an urban project development plan, including transaction costs and public budget effects<ref>Source: Jongeneel, R., H. Leneman (eds), J. Bremmer, V.G.M. Linderhof, R. Michels, N.P.B. Polman & A.B. Smit (2009). Impact assessment of economic and social consequences of environmental and nature policies; the development of a framework and a checklist. Wageningen, Statutory Research Tasks Unit for Nature and the Environment. WOt-rapport 96.</ref>. [[Social impact]], in contrast, focuses more on the more qualitative effects of a project for society. Examples of social impact of urban planning are: the impact on the quality of life in general, the labour market, crime, safety, health, and so on. |
||
| + | Categories of economic impact: |
||
| + | * [[Primary economic impact]] |
||
| + | * [[Secondary economic impact]] |
||
| + | * [[External effects]] |
||
| + | The four subdimensions: |
||
| − | == Security economics == |
||
| + | *[[Economic impact of urban planning]] |
||
| − | The economic impact of an act of crime or terrorism is mostly negative due to the damage on buildings, infrastructure, human beings, and so on. Security measures, however, not only have a positive impact on the economy, but can also have a negative impact<ref> Think, for example, of the security measures on airports which have lead to a decrease in travel time.</ref>. Criminals and terrorist, finally, will alter their behaviour in reply to security measures to reach their goal (as much as possible gain against as least as possible costs). Hence, there are three different (sub)dimensions with regards to security in an urban environment are of paramount importance for the urban planner, which are: |
||
| − | + | *[[Economic impact of security threats]] |
|
| − | + | *[[Economic impact of security measures]] |
|
| − | + | *[[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|Economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour]] |
|
| + | Other related subjects: |
||
| − | ==Flowchart economic impact of urban planning in a security environment== |
||
| + | *[[Economic output]] |
||
| − | The following topics within the domain of economic impact are described in the '''clickable map''' below: |
||
| + | *[[Economic tools]] |
||
| − | |||
| − | <imagemap> |
||
| − | Image:Economic_impact_2.png|630px |
||
| − | |||
| − | rect 2 40 215 132 [[Economic impact of urban planning|Economic impact of urban planning]] |
||
| − | rect 235 36 452 134 [[Economic impact of security threats|Economic impact of security threats]] |
||
| − | rect 492 36 711 133 [[Economic impact of security measures|Economic impact of security measures]] |
||
| − | rect 753 35 968 132 [[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour]] |
||
| − | rect 1 334 216 430 [[Economic impact|Economic impact]] |
||
| − | rect 412 261 631 355 [[Primary economic impact|Primary economic impact]] |
||
| − | rect 414 417 628 509 [[Secondary economic impact|Secondary economic impact]] |
||
| − | |||
| − | desc bottom-left |
||
| − | </imagemap> |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Related subjects== |
||
| − | See '''clickable map''': |
||
| − | |||
| − | <imagemap> |
||
| − | Image:Flowchart economic dimension.png | 600 px |
||
| − | |||
| − | rect 0 174 216 277 [[Urban planning|Urban planning]] |
||
| − | rect 244 354 465 453 [[Economic dimension of urban planning|Economic dimension of urban planning]] |
||
| − | rect 601 73 821 170 [[Economic tools|Economic tools]] |
||
| − | rect 587 353 827 449 [[Economic functionality of urban objects|Economomic functionality of urban objects]] |
||
| − | rect 1013 140 1229 240 [[Economic output|Economic output]] |
||
| − | rect 1009 354 1228 450 [[Economic impact|Economic impact]] |
||
| − | rect 1 497 215 590 [[Threat|Security threats]] |
||
| − | rect 7 3 208 96 [[Urban planning#Dimensions involved in Urban Planning |Other dimensions of urban planning]] |
||
| − | |||
| − | desc bottom-left |
||
| − | </imagemap> |
||
{{references}} |
{{references}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | = MAP = |
||
| − | <websiteFrame> |
||
| − | website=http://securipedia.eu/cool/index.php?wiki=securipedia.eu&concept=Economic_impact |
||
| − | height=1023 |
||
| − | width=100% |
||
| − | border=0 |
||
| − | scroll=auto |
||
| − | align=middle |
||
| − | </websiteFrame> |
||
| − | |||
| − | <headertabs/> |
||
Latest revision as of 18:41, 10 January 2018
Economic impact is the unilateral causality between economic notions on the one hand, and outcomes of a private and/or public project, decision, event or policy on the other hand. It may be viewed (or measured) in terms of measurable output: value added, wealth, personal income (wages), public income and expenditures or employment levels[1], but also in non-financial terms such as the increase of welfare due to a decrease in crime or an increase in leisure activities.
Contents
Description
"Economic impacts are effects on the level of economic activity in a given area"(Weisbrod, 1997)[1]. In general, economists distinguish direct, indirect and induced economic effects. Direct economic effects are also referred to as 'primary effects' and indirect and induced economic effects are also collectively referred to as 'secondary economic effects'. The total economic impact of a development plan, threat or security measure is the sum of primary and secondary economic effects within a host economy (e.g. a city, county, region or country. These economic effects are viewed or measured with the help of economic tools, and translated in financial and economic (output)terms such as income, financial damage, value added, employment, etc.
Economic impact always refers to the level of economic activity in a certain area (in terms of jobs, income, wealth, etc.) and should not be confused with the monetary value of a willingness to pay by individuals/communities for e.g. safety, leisure, clean air and so on (the economic concept of external impact. Social impact, in contrast, focuses more on the more qualitative effects of a project for society. Examples of social impact of urban planning are: the impact on the quality of life in general, the labour market, crime, safety, health, and so on.
Economic impact of a project development plan
With regard to an urban development plan, economists primarily focus on the costs and benefits induced by this plan, including transaction costs and public budget effects[2].
Urban areas (cities in particular) traditionally try to control crime levels and terrorist threats. The economic rationale behind this is that in case the population of urban areas increasingly feel unsafe, they will more and more retreat themselves from public life, causing a negative economic spiral caused by a decrease in public tax income resulting in a decrease in public facilities making cities less and less attractive to live in (causing everybody who can afford it to move outside the cities as what happened in cities like London and Amsterdam in the seventies of the twentieth century. In sum, the economic impact of security threats (crime & terrorism) is mostly negative due to the direct damage to buildings, infrastructure, and population. In addition, crime and terrorism cause negative indirect economic effects that could end up in negative economic spirals as mentioned above. The goal of security measures is to mitigate these economic effects of crime and terrorism, but also security measures create an economic impact[3], referred to as the economic effects of security measures. Criminals and terrorist, finally, will alter their behaviour in reply to security measures to reach their goal (as much as possible gain against as least as possible costs). In Securipedia we explain this phenomenon in the pages on the economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour.
Categories of economic impact
Securipedia is focusing on the following four subdimensions of economic impact, all regarded of paramount importance for the urban planner:
- The economic impact of urban planning
- The economic impact of security threats
- The economic impact of security measures
- The economics of crime and terrorism
The two main categories of economic impact are primary and secondary economic impacts, also referred to as direct and indirect economic impact.
Primary (direct) economic impact
Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific urban project/program or security event in the home market.
For example: A development program for 500 residential units generates economic impulses in the construction and real estate sectors in the form of jobs, income, business profits and public tax revenues for the involved companies, individuals and public authorities.
Secondary (indirect) economic impact
Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are changes in economic activity resulting from subsequent rounds of expenditure ('re-expenditures') of business companies, households and public authorities outside the home market.
For example: The suppliers of the construction companies responsible for the realisation of the 500 residential units will also pay their employees and will buy supplies from subsequent suppliers. Furthermore, the employees of these companies will spend their wages on housing and other consumption goods and services, and also the public authorities will receive income, profit and value added tax.
Below an example how € 1 spent on construction generates € 1 of primary economic output and € 1.19 of secondary economic output in another sector:
Gross and net economic impacts
Economic impact is mostly measured in terms of the urban object’s effect on the level of economic activities in a given area. This is what economists refer to as the gross economic effect, which is not necessarily the same as the net economic impact [1]. The measurement of the net economic impact includes the effects of other activities, policy or events that should be considered as well, especially when they would have had a more prominent function in the urban environment. For instance: The development of an indoor shopping mall will compete with the already existing retail shops. Therefore, the jobs created in the mall will for a substantial part be shifted away from the latter mentioned stores unless the total consumption in the area will increase (e.g. due to an increase in tourism). The net economic impact takes account of the economic impact on all retail stores in the designated area.
Related subjects
Categories of economic impact:
The four subdimensions:
- Economic impact of urban planning
- Economic impact of security threats
- Economic impact of security measures
- Economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour
Other related subjects:
Footnotes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weisbrod, B and G. Weisbrod (1997): Measuring economic impacts of projects and programs. Economic Development Research Group.
- ↑ Jongeneel, R., H. Leneman (eds), J. Bremmer, V.G.M. Linderhof, R. Michels, N.P.B. Polman & A.B. Smit (2009): Impact assessment of economic and social consequences of environmental and nature policies; the development of a framework and a checklist. Wageningen, Statutory Research Tasks Unit for Nature and the Environment. WOt-rapport 96.
- ↑ Think, for example, of the security measures on airports which have lead to a decrease in travel time.
