Difference between revisions of "Primary economic impact"
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| − | Primary economic |
+ | [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Primary (direct) economic impact''' is the initial, immediate [[economic output]] generated by a program/project or security event. It forms a precondition for the [[secondary economic impact]], since each urban development project will not only generate effects on the targeted markets, but also on other markets. |
| + | ==Description== |
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| − | =Definitions= |
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| + | Primary/direct economic impact measures what the so-called 'first round' of spending. Put differently, a new toll road will generate direct transactions between the users of the road and the road owner (money for a shorter travel time). Hence, these effects are in essence limited to the owner(s) and user(s) of the specific urban object and are a specific category of economic impact. |
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| − | In the context of the urban planning process, primary economic effects are defined as the initial, immediate/direct economic output generated by a specific urban development project. They are in essence limited to the owner(s) and user(s) of the specific urban object. |
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| − | =Temporary versus permanent primary impact= |
+ | ===Temporary versus permanent primary impact=== |
| − | In the |
+ | In the realisation phase, an urban planning development will lead to temporary and permanent primary economic effects. The construction of a utility plant, for example, will generate a temporarily demand of labour and construction supplies, including services. Once the utility plant is finished, it will lead to permanent primary output in the form of benefits for both the owners of the utility plant (revenues) and the customers of the utility plant (resources). |
| − | =Examples of primary economic impact= |
+ | ==Examples of primary economic impact== |
| + | The examples below are closely related to the examples provided in the page on [[Secondary economic impact#Examples of secondary economic impact|secondary economic impact]]. |
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| − | An engineering company developed an integrated solution to reduce motorway emission and noise problems in an urban environment<ref>see: http://www.movares.com/Innovations/Sustainable+Highway.htm</ref>. It consists of a motorway canopy made of cold-bendable laminated glass, and its solar cells produce clean energy for the environment. The primary economic impacts generated by this sustainable highway consist of: |
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| + | === Crime === |
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| + | Considerable costs are incurred in relation to crime. In anticipation of crime people, companies and public organisations invest time and money in precaution measures to avoid crime such as locks, alarm prevention programs and surveillance. As a consequence of crime, there is loss of property, medical and health care costs, the costs of victim support, etc. In response to crime, finally, the public authorities spend public resources on policing, prosecution, court proceeding, sanctions, etc. (these effects are also referred to as fiscal effects). |
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| + | === Terrorism: Aviation security === |
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| + | [[File:Screening in DTW Airport.jpg|thumb|Screening in DTW Airport]] |
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| + | Due to 9/11 aviation security has become a major influence in the United States and in the European Union. In 2011, the US devoted $ 6.5 billion to protect the aviation industry. This amount, however, is not the complete picture since there are also security expenditures on a local authority level, by the private sector, and by consumers (higher ticket prices). On top of that, aviation security measures also create less tangible costs, including the value of increased waiting lines at security checks at airports, and the negative connotation of security procedures. |
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| + | [[File:Snelweg A7 tijdens de avondspits.jpg|thumb|Highway during rush traffic]] |
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*Construction costs (including security measures) |
*Construction costs (including security measures) |
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*Maintenance costs (glass construction and the road) |
*Maintenance costs (glass construction and the road) |
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| − | *Avoided investments (e.g. air pollution measures) |
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*Reduction of travel time and travel costs |
*Reduction of travel time and travel costs |
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| + | *Traffic flow effects |
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| − | *Traffic flow effects*Sustainable energy effects (due to the solar panels and the warmth generated by cars) |
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*Real estate effects (alongside the sustainable highway) |
*Real estate effects (alongside the sustainable highway) |
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*External effects such as safety effects, environmental effects and local noise and emission effects |
*External effects such as safety effects, environmental effects and local noise and emission effects |
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| − | The construction costs are the bulk of the investment costs, and the reduction of travel time will generate the bulk of the economic revenues. The |
+ | The construction costs are the bulk of the investment costs, and the reduction of travel time will generate the bulk of the economic revenues. The impact on safety, the environment and the local emissions are referred to as [[external effects]], which are in some cases included in economic studies, especially in countries where indicators are available that translate these external effects into monetised variables. |
| − | ==A |
+ | ===A cultural forum=== |
| + | [[File:Bastille Opera Building.jpg|thumb|Bastille Opera Building]] |
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| − | The realization of a scientific knowledge institute will generate the following primary economic impacts: |
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| + | The primary economic impact of a cultural institute in a city could exist of: |
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| − | *Construction costs |
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| − | *Maintenance costs |
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| − | *Research grants from outside the city/region |
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| − | *Knowledge valorisation (patents and licences) |
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| − | *Efficiency (due to scale benefits) |
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| − | The efficiency impacts can be realized due to scale benefits or a more efficient use of space. The institute will also generate important social impacts, like fundamental research, education, and so on. These impacts, however, are not only difficult to quantify, but are also not economic impacts in the sense that they create economic activity, except through knowledge valorisation and research grants. |
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| − | ==A cultural forum== |
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*Construction costs |
*Construction costs |
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*Maintenance costs |
*Maintenance costs |
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*Ticket fees |
*Ticket fees |
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| − | A cultural forum will in most cases lead to exploitation costs due to the fact that ticket fees are not enough to cover the costs. Cultural institutes receive in many European countries grants from central governments to promote cultural events in the region. Culture is an important aspect of the social domain. |
+ | A cultural forum will in most cases lead to exploitation costs due to the fact that ticket fees are not enough to cover the costs. Cultural institutes receive in many European countries grants from central governments to promote cultural events in the region. [[Culture_aspects|Culture]] is an important aspect of the social domain. |
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| + | ==Related subjects== |
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| + | *[[Economic|Economic main page]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact]] |
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| + | *** [[Secondary economic impact]] |
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| + | *** [[External effects]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact of urban planning]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact of security threats]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact of security measures]] |
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| + | **[[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|Economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour]] |
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| + | *[[Economic output]] |
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| + | *[[Economic tools]] |
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{{references}} |
{{references}} |
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Latest revision as of 00:28, 20 January 2018
Primary (direct) economic impact is the initial, immediate economic output generated by a program/project or security event. It forms a precondition for the secondary economic impact, since each urban development project will not only generate effects on the targeted markets, but also on other markets.
Contents
Description
Primary/direct economic impact measures what the so-called 'first round' of spending. Put differently, a new toll road will generate direct transactions between the users of the road and the road owner (money for a shorter travel time). Hence, these effects are in essence limited to the owner(s) and user(s) of the specific urban object and are a specific category of economic impact.
Temporary versus permanent primary impact
In the realisation phase, an urban planning development will lead to temporary and permanent primary economic effects. The construction of a utility plant, for example, will generate a temporarily demand of labour and construction supplies, including services. Once the utility plant is finished, it will lead to permanent primary output in the form of benefits for both the owners of the utility plant (revenues) and the customers of the utility plant (resources).
Examples of primary economic impact
The examples below are closely related to the examples provided in the page on secondary economic impact.
Crime
Considerable costs are incurred in relation to crime. In anticipation of crime people, companies and public organisations invest time and money in precaution measures to avoid crime such as locks, alarm prevention programs and surveillance. As a consequence of crime, there is loss of property, medical and health care costs, the costs of victim support, etc. In response to crime, finally, the public authorities spend public resources on policing, prosecution, court proceeding, sanctions, etc. (these effects are also referred to as fiscal effects).
Terrorism: Aviation security
Due to 9/11 aviation security has become a major influence in the United States and in the European Union. In 2011, the US devoted $ 6.5 billion to protect the aviation industry. This amount, however, is not the complete picture since there are also security expenditures on a local authority level, by the private sector, and by consumers (higher ticket prices). On top of that, aviation security measures also create less tangible costs, including the value of increased waiting lines at security checks at airports, and the negative connotation of security procedures.
A new highway
The primary economic impacts generated by a new highway consist of:
- Construction costs (including security measures)
- Maintenance costs (glass construction and the road)
- Reduction of travel time and travel costs
- Traffic flow effects
- Real estate effects (alongside the sustainable highway)
- External effects such as safety effects, environmental effects and local noise and emission effects
The construction costs are the bulk of the investment costs, and the reduction of travel time will generate the bulk of the economic revenues. The impact on safety, the environment and the local emissions are referred to as external effects, which are in some cases included in economic studies, especially in countries where indicators are available that translate these external effects into monetised variables.
A cultural forum
The primary economic impact of a cultural institute in a city could exist of:
- Construction costs
- Maintenance costs
- Temporary housing
- Costs for the development of surrounding public space
- Exploitation costs
- Cultural grants
- Ticket fees
A cultural forum will in most cases lead to exploitation costs due to the fact that ticket fees are not enough to cover the costs. Cultural institutes receive in many European countries grants from central governments to promote cultural events in the region. Culture is an important aspect of the social domain.
Related subjects
Footnotes and references
