Difference between revisions of "Secondary economic impact"
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| − | '''Secondary economic impacts''' are the [economic output] changes occurring in the economy due to transactions with the sectors that generate the primary economic impacts. Each time a transaction takes place, there is a measurable economic impact. The people, pubic organisations and businesses who are primarily involved in a specific project, decision, event or policy, will generate further economic effects due to an additional re-spending of income, revenues, time, and tax to the transaction partners. |
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| + | [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Secondary (indirect) economic impact''' are changes in economic activity resulting from subsequent rounds of (re-)expenditure(s) of business companies, households and public authorities directly involved with the specific program/project or security event and trade partners who are indirectly involved (the outsiders). The source of these 're-expenditures' lies in the [[Primary economic impact|primary economic impact]] generated by a program/project or security event. Secondary economic impact is a frequently used category of [[economic impact]]. |
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| + | ==Description== |
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| − | Secondary impacts are a result of the [primary economic impacts], since each urban development project will not only generate effects on the targeted markets, but also on other markets. |
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| + | Secondary economic impact is the effect resulting from subsequent rounds of (re-)expenditure of different sectors in the economy. These rounds of expenditure and susequent re-expenditures are also referred to as the 'effects of the first and higher order'. For example: an investment in a school will lead to first order effects (direct effects) and effects of higher order (indirect effects). |
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| − | = Definitions =Secondary (or additional) economic impacts come in different forms and shapes. They include: |
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| ⚫ | In case of a focus on the re-expenditures by households, economists in general call these effects '''[[Induced effects|induced economic effects]]'''. Employees of companies and public organisations, for instance, earn wages that are spend on food, clothing, shelter and other consumer goods and services. This leads to further indirect transactions throughout the economy. |
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| − | Secondary economic impacts are the effects resulting from subsequent rounds of expenditure (re-expenditures) of different sectors in the economy. These subsequent rounds of expenditure are the result of transactions between the owners/users of the urban object in question and representatives of other sectors in the economy. |
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| − | === Secondary economic impacts of the first and higher order ===Secondary economic impacts can be divided in effects of the first and higher order. The realization of a hotel, for example, will generate transactions between the hotel and the direct suppliers (this is a first order effect). These direct suppliers, in turn, will perform transactions with their suppliers, and so on. These kind of transactions are called economic impacts of the second and higher order. |
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| ⚫ | The relationship between one form of economic activity and the total additional activity generated by a specific policy or event are called the [[Input-output analysis#Multiplier effects|'''multiplier effect''']]. The term multiplier is used since the indirect and induced impacts make the overall economic impact substantially larger than the direct impacts alone<ref name="ftn9">Weisbrod, B and G. Weisbrod (1997): Measuring economic impacts of projects and programs. Economic Development Research Group.</ref>. For example: If a major regional plant closes due to e.g. a terrorist event/threat, not only people working at this factory will lose there jobs/income, but also supporting industries are hurt by the indirect effects, and in the end, the entire local economy will suffer due to the reduction in regional household income, tax revenues and business profits. |
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| − | == Dynamic economic impacts == |
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| − | Dynamic economic impacts refer to the consequences of broader shifts over time in population and location patterns, land use and resulting land value patterns due to an shift in the economic balance. Commencing the realization of a major international airport, for example, will lead to broad economic shifts in the location patterns of companies, employees and suppliers that will in the end have consequences for the income and welfare of people in the whole nation. |
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| − | == [#_Multipliers Multiplier effects] == |
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| ⚫ | The relationship between one form of economic activity and the total additional activity generated by a specific |
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| − | = |
+ | == Welfare effects versus secondary effects== |
| + | The sum of direct and indirect effects is not necessarily the same as the welfare effect of a project/program or security event. An indirect effect only has an additional welfare effect on the local economy if local and regional markets can be defined as "imperfect", e.g. if there exist unemployment, monopoly situations, etc. in the home region. For example: In case a local government decides to invest in a high tech industry campus, but there is no unemployment in the region, the campus will only be able to attract skilled workers by 'importing' them from other regions or offer higher wages to attract local workers. This can be regarded as subsidised labour, which will not contribute to the local economic welfare since these workers are either not from the 'home' region or already had paid jobs. However, in case a company located on the campus can increase its productivity thanks to its ability to hire skilled foreign expertise, the investment in the campus can be regarded as an additional welfare effect for that matter. |
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| − | In case of measuring the economic impact of an urban development project one should measure both primary and secondary economic impacts. However, secondary impacts only have an additional economic effect in case local and regional markets are struggling with market imperfections (e.g., an extraordinary high unemployment rate in a certain sector). An example: |
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| + | == Examples of secondary economic impact == |
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| − | :The construction of a new road leads to a reduction in travel time which is valued at 200,000 euro per year. The reduction in travel time enables a neighbouring company to reduce its production costs with 50,000 euro per year due to its ability to hire experienced employees from outside the region. Another local company reduces its production costs with 25,000 euro due to a reduction in transportation costs. The total impact on welfare in this example will be 250,000 euro. The answer is not 275,000 euro because the 25,000 euro reduction in transportation costs is already included in the 200,000 euro, while the 50,000 euro is additional. Additional because apparently the labour market in this particular region did not function optimal since the company was not able to produce as efficient as possible until one could hire expertise from right outside the region.= Examples of secondary economic impacts === A new highway ==The realisation of a new highway does not only generate effects for the direct owners and users of the highway, but could also generate the following secondary effects (depending on the primary impacts): |
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| + | These examples are closely related to the provided examples in the page on the [[Primary economic impact#Examples of primary economic impact|primary economic impact]]. |
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| − | {| style="border-spacing:0;"| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * An improved functioning of the markets in the local economy as a whole due to a reduction of transport costs.|-| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * An improved functioning of labour markets due to its increased size.|-| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Scale and agglomeration advances due to an increased size of the market|-| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Spatial and strategic effects due to an improved reach ability of the area.|}=== A newly developed tourist area ===The total impact of the development of a tourist area (with hotels, apartments, bars and clubs, and so on) is not limited to the direct economic impact, but will also lead to jobs, turnover and revenues for other sectors in the economy such as: trade, real estate, the financial sector, hotels and restaurants, transport & communication, manufacturing, and so on. The tourist sector, in turn, will generate business for the trade sector, the financial sector, the real estate sector, agriculture, and so on.=== A scientific institute ===The realization of a scientific knowledge institute will generate the following secondary economic impacts:{| style="border-spacing:0;"| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * More productive research project development|-| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * More productive applied sciences in business|-| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Economic spin offs suppliers |-| style="border:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.191cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Induced effects employees|} |
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| + | |||
| + | ==== Crime ==== |
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| + | [[File:Crime.svg|thumb|Crime]] |
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| + | Crime not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also indirectly influences the local/regional and national economy of a country. According to crime economists Detotto and Otranto (2010)<ref>Detotto,C. and E. Otranto (2010): Does crime affect Economic growth? KYKLOS, Vol.63–August 2010-No.3, 330-345.</ref>,“crime acts like a tax on the entire economy: it discourages domestic and foreign direct investments<ref>Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment by a business or enterprise in a foreign economy. The motives of FDI are diverse, for example, to reduce export costs (less transport and export tariffs) or to take advantage of local labour forces and know-how.</ref>. On a macro-economic level crime influences: |
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| + | * economic growth; |
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| + | * income; |
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| + | * labour force participation; |
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| + | * income spent on security measures; and |
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| + | * reallocation of resources creating uncertainty and inefficiency. |
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| + | |||
| + | On a more local and regional level, economists define the following types of impact of crime: |
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| + | * business impact (crime reduces competitiveness of companies and investments) |
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| + | * impact on property value |
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| + | * tourism impact |
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| + | * impact on quality of life/social capital |
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| + | |||
| + | According to specialised economists Tita, Petras and Greenbaum (2006)<ref>Tita, G., T. Petras, and R. Greenbaum (2006): Crime and Residential Choice: A Neighbourhood Level Analysis of the Impact of Crime on Housing Prices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Vol 22, No 4, Pp 299-317.</ref> “crime serves as an important catalyst for change in the socio-economic composition of communities. The effect crime has on the local property value is one of those catalyst effects. A study by Ihlanfeldt and Mayock (2009)<ref>Ihlanfeldt, K., T. Mayock (2009): Crime and Housing Prices. Department of Economics and DeVoe Moore Center, Florida State University</ref>, for example, concludes that a 10 percent increase in violent crimes within a neighbourhood is reducing property values by as much as 6 percent. Other research points out that criminal offences such as vandalism and graffiti (also) have a significant negative impact on real estate prices<ref>Gibbons, S. (2004): The costs of urban property crime. The Economic Journal. No 114 (499). ISSN 0013-0133.</ref>. Furthermore, in 2011, a [http://www.police.uk/ UK police website], where users can view the number of criminal offences at street level, led to worries among house owners and real estate agents that the house prices drop if crime rates are relatively high<ref>King, M. (2011): Online crime maps could drive down house prices, warn property analysts. The Guardian. Online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2011/feb/01/police-crime-website-house-prices</ref>. |
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| + | Another effect of crime is that residents become less committed to their communities, causing the ‘social fibre’ of the community to be weakened. An example of the loss of social capital is that residents of neighbourhoods with a criminal reputation are judged to be associated with criminal activities, leading (amongst others) to stigmas that, for example, prevent those people from finding jobs<ref>UNODC and World Bank (2007): Crime, Violence, and Development: Trends, Costs, and Policy Options in the Caribbean. Report No. 37820.</ref>. |
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| + | |||
| + | === Terrorism: Aviation security === |
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| + | [[File:Screening in DTW Airport.jpg|thumb|Screening in DTW Airport]] |
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| + | Due to 9/11 aviation security has become a major influence in the United States and in the European Union. In 2011, the US devoted $ 6.5 billion to protect the aviation industry. This amount, however, is not the complete picture since there are also security expenditures on a local authority level, by the private sector, and by consumers (higher ticket prices). On top of that, aviation security measures also create less tangible costs, including the value of increased waiting lines at security checks at airports, and the negative connotation of security procedures. Calculations of the direct impact of aviation security measures is a good starting point, but the measures also have an indirect impact, for example, in terms of changes in profits of aviation related businesses such as tourism, the car rental industry, bus companies, and security industry. Sometimes these effects are hardly visible and interrelated due to chain effects in the economic system. In most cases, however, they are very difficult to quantify and remain an open question or an educated guess. |
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| + | |||
| + | === A new highway === |
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| + | [[File:Roadworks Germany A9.jpg|thumb|Highway]] |
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| + | The realisation of a new highway does not only generate effects for the direct owners and users of the highway, but could also generate the following secondary effects (depending on the primary impacts): |
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| + | * An improved functioning of the markets in the local economy as a whole due to a reduction of transport costs. |
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| + | * An improved functioning of labour markets due to its increased size. |
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| + | * Scale and agglomeration advances due to an increased size of the market |
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| + | * Spatial and strategic effects due to an improved reach ability of the area. |
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| + | |||
| + | === A newly developed tourist area === |
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| + | [[File:Turkey Tourism.JPG|thumb|Tourism]] |
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| + | The total impact of the development of a tourist area (with hotels, apartments, bars and clubs, and so on) is not limited to the direct economic impact, but will also lead to jobs, turnover and revenues for other sectors in the economy such as: trade, real estate, the financial sector, hotels and restaurants, transport & communication, manufacturing, and so on. The tourist sector, in turn, will generate business for the trade sector, the financial sector, the real estate sector, agriculture, and so on. |
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| + | |||
| + | ==Related subjects== |
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| + | *[[Economic|Economic main page]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact]] |
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| + | *** [[Primary economic impact]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| + | *** [[External effects]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact of urban planning]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact of security threats]] |
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| + | **[[Economic impact of security measures]] |
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| + | **[[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|Economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour]] |
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| + | *[[Economic output]] |
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| + | *[[Economic tools]] |
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| + | |||
| + | {{references}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:42, 10 January 2018
Secondary (indirect) economic impact are changes in economic activity resulting from subsequent rounds of (re-)expenditure(s) of business companies, households and public authorities directly involved with the specific program/project or security event and trade partners who are indirectly involved (the outsiders). The source of these 're-expenditures' lies in the primary economic impact generated by a program/project or security event. Secondary economic impact is a frequently used category of economic impact.
Contents
Description
Secondary economic impact is the effect resulting from subsequent rounds of (re-)expenditure of different sectors in the economy. These rounds of expenditure and susequent re-expenditures are also referred to as the 'effects of the first and higher order'. For example: an investment in a school will lead to first order effects (direct effects) and effects of higher order (indirect effects).
In case of a focus on the re-expenditures by households, economists in general call these effects induced economic effects. Employees of companies and public organisations, for instance, earn wages that are spend on food, clothing, shelter and other consumer goods and services. This leads to further indirect transactions throughout the economy.
The relationship between one form of economic activity and the total additional activity generated by a specific policy or event are called the multiplier effect. The term multiplier is used since the indirect and induced impacts make the overall economic impact substantially larger than the direct impacts alone[1]. For example: If a major regional plant closes due to e.g. a terrorist event/threat, not only people working at this factory will lose there jobs/income, but also supporting industries are hurt by the indirect effects, and in the end, the entire local economy will suffer due to the reduction in regional household income, tax revenues and business profits.
Welfare effects versus secondary effects
The sum of direct and indirect effects is not necessarily the same as the welfare effect of a project/program or security event. An indirect effect only has an additional welfare effect on the local economy if local and regional markets can be defined as "imperfect", e.g. if there exist unemployment, monopoly situations, etc. in the home region. For example: In case a local government decides to invest in a high tech industry campus, but there is no unemployment in the region, the campus will only be able to attract skilled workers by 'importing' them from other regions or offer higher wages to attract local workers. This can be regarded as subsidised labour, which will not contribute to the local economic welfare since these workers are either not from the 'home' region or already had paid jobs. However, in case a company located on the campus can increase its productivity thanks to its ability to hire skilled foreign expertise, the investment in the campus can be regarded as an additional welfare effect for that matter.
Examples of secondary economic impact
These examples are closely related to the provided examples in the page on the primary economic impact.
Crime
Crime not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also indirectly influences the local/regional and national economy of a country. According to crime economists Detotto and Otranto (2010)[2],“crime acts like a tax on the entire economy: it discourages domestic and foreign direct investments[3]. On a macro-economic level crime influences:
- economic growth;
- income;
- labour force participation;
- income spent on security measures; and
- reallocation of resources creating uncertainty and inefficiency.
On a more local and regional level, economists define the following types of impact of crime:
- business impact (crime reduces competitiveness of companies and investments)
- impact on property value
- tourism impact
- impact on quality of life/social capital
According to specialised economists Tita, Petras and Greenbaum (2006)[4] “crime serves as an important catalyst for change in the socio-economic composition of communities. The effect crime has on the local property value is one of those catalyst effects. A study by Ihlanfeldt and Mayock (2009)[5], for example, concludes that a 10 percent increase in violent crimes within a neighbourhood is reducing property values by as much as 6 percent. Other research points out that criminal offences such as vandalism and graffiti (also) have a significant negative impact on real estate prices[6]. Furthermore, in 2011, a UK police website, where users can view the number of criminal offences at street level, led to worries among house owners and real estate agents that the house prices drop if crime rates are relatively high[7]. Another effect of crime is that residents become less committed to their communities, causing the ‘social fibre’ of the community to be weakened. An example of the loss of social capital is that residents of neighbourhoods with a criminal reputation are judged to be associated with criminal activities, leading (amongst others) to stigmas that, for example, prevent those people from finding jobs[8].
Terrorism: Aviation security
Due to 9/11 aviation security has become a major influence in the United States and in the European Union. In 2011, the US devoted $ 6.5 billion to protect the aviation industry. This amount, however, is not the complete picture since there are also security expenditures on a local authority level, by the private sector, and by consumers (higher ticket prices). On top of that, aviation security measures also create less tangible costs, including the value of increased waiting lines at security checks at airports, and the negative connotation of security procedures. Calculations of the direct impact of aviation security measures is a good starting point, but the measures also have an indirect impact, for example, in terms of changes in profits of aviation related businesses such as tourism, the car rental industry, bus companies, and security industry. Sometimes these effects are hardly visible and interrelated due to chain effects in the economic system. In most cases, however, they are very difficult to quantify and remain an open question or an educated guess.
A new highway
The realisation of a new highway does not only generate effects for the direct owners and users of the highway, but could also generate the following secondary effects (depending on the primary impacts):
- An improved functioning of the markets in the local economy as a whole due to a reduction of transport costs.
- An improved functioning of labour markets due to its increased size.
- Scale and agglomeration advances due to an increased size of the market
- Spatial and strategic effects due to an improved reach ability of the area.
A newly developed tourist area
The total impact of the development of a tourist area (with hotels, apartments, bars and clubs, and so on) is not limited to the direct economic impact, but will also lead to jobs, turnover and revenues for other sectors in the economy such as: trade, real estate, the financial sector, hotels and restaurants, transport & communication, manufacturing, and so on. The tourist sector, in turn, will generate business for the trade sector, the financial sector, the real estate sector, agriculture, and so on.
Related subjects
Footnotes and references
- ↑ Weisbrod, B and G. Weisbrod (1997): Measuring economic impacts of projects and programs. Economic Development Research Group.
- ↑ Detotto,C. and E. Otranto (2010): Does crime affect Economic growth? KYKLOS, Vol.63–August 2010-No.3, 330-345.
- ↑ Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment by a business or enterprise in a foreign economy. The motives of FDI are diverse, for example, to reduce export costs (less transport and export tariffs) or to take advantage of local labour forces and know-how.
- ↑ Tita, G., T. Petras, and R. Greenbaum (2006): Crime and Residential Choice: A Neighbourhood Level Analysis of the Impact of Crime on Housing Prices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Vol 22, No 4, Pp 299-317.
- ↑ Ihlanfeldt, K., T. Mayock (2009): Crime and Housing Prices. Department of Economics and DeVoe Moore Center, Florida State University
- ↑ Gibbons, S. (2004): The costs of urban property crime. The Economic Journal. No 114 (499). ISSN 0013-0133.
- ↑ King, M. (2011): Online crime maps could drive down house prices, warn property analysts. The Guardian. Online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2011/feb/01/police-crime-website-house-prices
- ↑ UNODC and World Bank (2007): Crime, Violence, and Development: Trends, Costs, and Policy Options in the Caribbean. Report No. 37820.
