All-hazard approach
The all-hazard approach is a generalized framework for mitigating, preparing for and responding to a wide range of disasters, emergencies and security threats, irrespective of the nature of the event. "All-hazards" can be seen as part of a comprehensive approach. It comprises:
- natural (e.g. flooding, earthquakes etc.),
- man-made (e.g. industrial accidents, technical failure, human failure) and
- intentional (e.g. terrorism, organized crime, cyber threats etc.; see also human intent)
hazards and threats.
Contents
Background
The all-hazard approach has emerged in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to critical infrastructure protection. It has gained ground on the international scale (e.g. [1], DHS, AHC, ICSM, see also GAO 2005[1], Commonwealth Australia 2009[2], Bullock et al. 2009[3]) and, together with the comprehensive approach in security policies and European and national security research, has been advanced in order to meet current and future threats. The basis to meet this goal is better integration of information, assessment, policies, capacities and capabilities.
All-hazard approach in the EU
The EU follows an all-hazard approach in the European Program for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP), and is aiming to using knowledge management principles and collecting a repertory of political, technological and other solutions. However, due to lack of common risk assessment standards, threats often remain underestimated.
In its communication on the EU Internal Security Strategy, the European Commission[4] calls for uniform risk analyses based on standardized criteria to establish a Common Risk Management Framework (CRMF), also including risk information and risk-based controls. Based on the Security Strategy[5] and the Communications on the Prevention of Natural and Man-made Disasters[6], the EC developed Risk Assessment und Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management[7]. These guidelines are aimed to support Member States in their efforts and contributions to a European Risk Atlas and to serve as a further basis for an coherent all-hazard risk policy intended to be established by 2014.
Relevance for urban planning
A complete all-hazard plan for urban planning requires input from an all-hazard team (experts and all stakeholders) and includes exhaustive information for all risks and events. Following the EU's Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines, the EU's all-hazard approach to critical infrastructure protection could drive legislative change that is relevant for urban planning. The process towards a European Risk Atlas could also help urban planners identify new or so far not sufficiently assessed criticalities in their planning decisions and in urban infrastructure. This could then help forseeing timely and appropriate measures to increase resilience of infrastructure, such as for example by methods of environmental design.
Footnotes and references
- ↑ GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].
- ↑ Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].
- ↑ Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098
- ↑ European Commission (2010): COM(2010) 673 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe: 8-11 Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/malmstrom/archive/internal_security_strategy_in_action_en.pdf [2011-08-09].
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ Commission of the European Communities (2009): COM(2009)82 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters. {SEC(2009)202} {SEC(2009)203}. Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0082:FIN:EN:PDF [ 2011-08-09].
- ↑ European Commission (2010): SEC(2010) 1626 final. Commission Staff Working Paper. Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/civil_protection/civil/pdfdocs/prevention/COMM_PDF_SEC_2010_1626_F_staff_working_document_en.pdf [2011-08-09].
