Security issue: Robbery

Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. It is used her exclusively for acts committed to individual persons. For the forceful theft from commercial venues, see raid.

Description

Snatch theft, depicted here as done from a motor vehicle

In the context of urban planning, robbery is most relevant if performed in the public space. This form of robbery, called street robbery has the following five characteristics:

• the offender targets a victim;
• the victim is a stranger to the offender;
• the offender attempts or completes a theft of cash or property;
• the offender uses force or the threat of force against the victim; and
• the offence occurs in a public or semi-public place, such as on a street, in an alley, in a parking garage, in a public park, on or near public transportation, or in a shared apartment hallway.

Mark that a robbery need not involve the use of a weapon or injuries of the victim.

Several subtypes of street robbery exist that vary in frequency depending on local circumstances. Among the better known are:

• purse-snatching (referred to as "snatch theft")
• robbery at automated teller machines;
• robbery of drunken bar patrons; robbery of students (e.g., middle- and high-school students and college students);
• robbery of passengers near public transportation systems; and
• robbery of migrant labourers.

Contributing circumstances

Known circumstances to influence the likelihood or effect of robbery are presented in the table below:

Contributing Circumstance	Influence	Description
Attractive locations for robbery	Increases success rate of robbery	Some locations are by nature particularly suited for robbery, by the fact that they are relatively deserted, lack surveillance, have potential victims and offer many easy exits to flee the crime scene. Examples of such locations include parking lots and garages, parks, fields, playgrounds, and areas near public transportation, and ATMs.
Lack of surveillance.	Decreases risk of detection.	A low level of surveillance, particularly round-the-clock surveillance, decreases the perceived risk of detection for a perpetrator and thereby increases the attractiveness.
Long reaction times or inadequate action of reaction force.	Decreases likelihood of apprehension	Untimely or inappropriate reactions to violence lead to a perception of little control, which will increase perceived risk for the public and decrease perceived risk for the perpetrators.
High levels of robbery in the vicinity.	Increases likelihood of targeting.	The distance to known places where offenders live matters. On average, robbers travel 2,1 km to commit their crimes, and the chance of a neighbourhood to be chosen reduces with every km distance from the offender's home.
High levels of unemployment	Increases likelihood of targetting	High levels of unemployment are correlated with higher levels of property crime .
High expected levels of drug- or alcohol abuse	Reduces inhibitions for crime	The presence of regular abusers of alcohol or drugs has a strong correlation with the occurrence of robbery, often thought to be caused by the need for financing an addiction. Studies show that about 35% of all robbery is committed under the influence of alcohol.
Presence of excitement or distractions	Increases vulnerability of victims	A legitimate distraction enables the robber to gain contact with the victim without causing alarm. Street robbers could perceive people who are distracted (e.g., using a cell phone, drunk, and/or unfamiliar with their surroundings) as easier to approach and overpower. Distracting circumstances such as road works, which require a detour in unfamiliar surroundings, special events or holidays can also provide the distractions that aid robbers.

Impacts

Social impact

• Psychological distress, including fear, anger and depression
• social effects
• Physical harm
• (Personal) financial loss
• Decrease in perceived security
• Increased personal vulnerability

Economic impact

Robberies lead to socio-economic costs that reach beyond the financial value of the property stolen. The direct economic impact of robberies are for about 65% the result of the physical and emotional impact on direct victims, health costs, value of property stolen, and lost productivity (the costs as a consequence of crime).. The rest is the result of costs in response to crime by public authorities (criminal justice system). Robberies occur less frequent than for example burglaries or acts of vandalism, but the average cost per event (± £7,282) is twice the amount compared to an average burglary.. This is mostly the result of higher physical and emotional damage, loss of output and costs for the criminal justice system.

Robberies can also have a lasting indirect impact on society, the secondary economic impact of crime. On a more local and regional level, frequent robberies can have a negative impact on local business, social life, tourism and housing prices. Empirical research by the Federal Reserve Bank of Ney York, for example, quantified the relationship between a reduction in crime such as robberies and homicides and the change in the prices of nearby residential real estate, concluding that intensive policing had a substantial positive effect on the property values and the inequality among residential prices.

Robbers, especially street robbers "are notoriously difficult to deter"."They require relatively small amounts of cash to justify their risk, they have a lot of crime opportunities, they want cash immediately, and street robbery does not require much skill or planning". On top of that, robbers will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the economics of criminal behaviour. Taxi robbers, for example, sometimes use a female accomplice to order a taxi.

Measures

Many strategies exist to reduce the risk of street robbery. Of these, most are actions that are taken just before or after specific incidents. These are therefore not suited to be integrated in to the planning of urban environment, as this generally precedes incidents by a long time. Measures that are effective against street robbery and can be taken (or at least influenced) by the urban planner, are:

• Providing safe transportation
• Providing safe routes during construction
• Reducing intoxication in high-risk areas
• Removing hiding spots
• Increasing lighting at high-risk sites
• Surveillance (electronic or other)
• Increasing pedestrian density near risky places
• Installing emergency call stations