Difference between revisions of "Security issue: Raid"
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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| − | Although the number of robberies from commercial establishments is only about 21% of all robberies<ref>CJIS, Crime in the United States |
+ | Although the number of robberies from commercial establishments is only about 21% of all robberies<ref>CJIS, Crime in the United States 2011, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011</ref>, the impact of those robberies is high, affecting primarily personnel, but also clients and can excess to very violent forms<ref>As is illustrated by a series of extremely violent raids by a belgium gang in the 1980s [[wikipedia:Brabant killers|]]</ref>. |
* Commercial venues: shops |
* Commercial venues: shops |
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* By force or threat of force (examples) |
* By force or threat of force (examples) |
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Revision as of 10:28, 15 February 2013
Raid is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value from a commercial venue by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. For the crime of forceful theft from individuals, see robbery, for the crime of burglary by forcing entrance by use of ramming with vehicles, see Ram raid.
Contents
Description
Although the number of robberies from commercial establishments is only about 21% of all robberies[1], the impact of those robberies is high, affecting primarily personnel, but also clients and can excess to very violent forms[2].
- Commercial venues: shops
- By force or threat of force (examples)
- Statistics, types of shops
- Motive: financial gain
Contributing circumstances
Known circumstances to influence the likelihood or effect of raid, are presented in the table below:
| Contributing Circumstance | Influence | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Lack of surveillance. | Decreases risk of detection. | A low level of surveillance, particularly round-the-clock surveillance, decreases the perceived risk of detection for a perpetrator and thereby increases the attractiveness. |
| High levels of burglary in the vicinity. | Increases likelihood of targeting. | The distance to known places where offenders live matters. On average, burglars travel 2,6 km to commit their crimes[3] and the odds of a neighbourhood’s being chosen increases by a factor of 1.67 for every kilometre closer to the burglar’s home it is located[4]. |
| High levels of unemployment | Increases likelihood of targeting | High levels of unemployment are associated with higher levels of burglary[5]. |
| Low levels of ownership | Decreases the inhibitions for committing the crime | Uncertainty of ownership can reduce responsibility and increase the likelihood of crime and anti-social behaviour going unchallenged[6]. |
| High expected levels of drug- or alcohol abuse | Reduces inhibitions for crime | The presence of regular abusers of alcohol or drugs has a strong correlation with the occurrence of burglary, often thought to be caused by the need for financing an addiction. Studies show that about 40% of all burglary is committed under the influence of alcohol[7]. |
| Long reaction times or inadequate action of reaction force. | Decreases likelihood of apprehension | Untimely or inappropriate reactions to violence lead to a perception of little control, which will increase perceived risk for the public and decrease perceived risk for the perpetrators. Also, reducing the impact of an assault (by timely intervention) will also be impossible and lead to greater effects of incidents. |
| High percentage of single family detached homes | Increases the perceived reward and vulnerability | Single family detached houses are often attractive targets–with greater rewards – and more difficult to secure because they have multiple access points [8]. |
| Large residential areas | Increases attractiveness of area | The number of residential units in a neighbourhood influences the chance of this neighbourhood to be chosen by burglars. When the number of residential units in a neighbourhood increases by 1000, the odds of being chosen rises by a factor of 1.35.[9] |
| Increased ethnic heterogeneity | unknown | Ethnic heterogeneity is associated with higher levels of burglary. A study[9] showed that an increase of 10% in heterogeneity in a neighbourhood makes it a factor 1.13 more likely to be chosen by burglars. |
| High amounts of traffic | Increases the visibility of targets | Houses near major thoroughfares are more likely to catch the attention of burglars passing by. Moreover, it is more difficult to distinguish residents and visitors from strangers in heavily traveled areas.[8] |
| Multiple accesses and exits to neighbourhood | Decreases the risk of apprehension | Multiple access ways, particularly when limited in surveillance, provide good access and exit opportunities for criminals. Alleys, for example, provide both access and escape for burglars, and limit visibility to neighbours. In addition, large side yards facilitate access to the backs of houses.[8] |
- Secluded location
- Limited personnel
- valuables
- deserted times
Socio-economic circumstances
Although there is no real scientific consensus with respect to the causal relationship between the socio-economic background and property crime like robberies or raids, Australian research, for example, illustrates that long term unemployment amongst young male adolescents has a substantial effect on property crime rates[10].
Enthorf and Spengler(2002)[11] find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery (raids) and violence respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime. According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.
Impacts
Social impact
- psychological
Economic impact
Raids lead to considerable costs in both a direct (primary) and a indirect (secondary) way[12]. Direct costs of raids come in the form of:
- Preventive costs in anticipation of raids (e.g. security measures, insurance);
- Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of raids (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm); and
- Responsive costs to raids (e.g. the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, support trial, etc.).
In addition, the secondary economic impact of criminal offences has to be considered. Violent crime not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also indirectly influences the local/regional and national economy of a country. According to Detotto and Otranto [13],“crime acts like a tax on the entire economy: it discourages domestic and foreign direct investments[14]. On a more local and regional level, economists define economic impact on business, property value, tourism and quality of life (social capital).
Mobility impact
Safety impact
Measures
- Surveillance
- Reaction force
- Target hardening
- Access control
- Reducing attractiveness (no money in register)
- Increasing chance of apprehension
Footnotes and references
- ↑ CJIS, Crime in the United States 2011, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011
- ↑ As is illustrated by a series of extremely violent raids by a belgium gang in the 1980s [[wikipedia:Brabant killers|]]
- ↑ Rhodes, W. M., & Conly, C. (1981). Crime and mobility: An empirical study. In P. J. Brantingham, & P. L. Brantingham (Eds.), Environmental Criminology (pp. 167–188). Beverly Hills7 Sage.
- ↑ Bernasco Wim and Nieuwbeerta Paul, How do residential burglars select target areas? A new approach to the analysis of Criminal Location Choice, Brit. J. Criminol. (2005) 44, 296-315
- ↑ Kepple NJ, Freisthler B., Exploring the ecological association between crime and medical marijuana dispensaries.,J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012 Jul;73(4):523-30
- ↑ Home Office, Safer Places. The planning system and crime prevention, 2004
- ↑ Greenfeld, Lawrence A, Alcohol and crime, an analysis of national data on the prevalence of alcohol involvement in crime, U,.S. Department of Justice, Office of justice Programs, April 5-7 1998, Washington D.C.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lamm Weisel Deborah, Burglary of Single-Family Houses, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Guide No. 18
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bernasco Wim and Nieuwbeerta Paul, How do residential burglars select target areas? A new approach to the analysis of Criminal Location Choice, Brit. J. Criminol. (2005) 44, 296-315
- ↑ See, e.g.: Chapman, B., D Weatherburn, C.A. Kapuscinski, M. Chilvers and S. Roussel (2002). Unemployment duration, schooling and property crime. CEPR Working paper
- ↑ Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002). Crime in Europe; Causes and Con-sequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin
- ↑ Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.
- ↑ Detotto,C. and E. Otranto (2010). Does crime affect Economic growth? KYKLOS, Vol.63–August 2010-No.3, 330-345.
- ↑ Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment by a business or enterprise in a foreign economy.
