Difference between revisions of "Security issue: Assault"

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[[Category:Economic]]
  
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[[Category:Social]]
  
 
[[Category:Threat]]
  
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= Security issue: Assault =
  
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Assault, in the use of this Securipedia, is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear or to experience any type of violence, except for sexual violence.
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Assault, in the use of this Securipedia, is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear or to experience any type of violence, except for sexual violence, which is covered under [[Sexual assault]].
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== Description ==
  
== Description ==
 
[[Image:Street fight.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Street fight]]
  
[[Image:Street fight.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Street fight]]
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== Attributing circumstances ==
  
== Attributing circumstances ==
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* Use of alcohol and/or drugs: increases level of aggression. About one-third of the recorded assault cases are related to the use of alcohol or drugs<ref>http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf, table 32</ref>. The excessive use of alcohol and consequently the access to alcohol in bars, cafes, danceclubs and other places of entertainment, but also liquor dealers or discount stores selling alcohol in places where alcohol is consumed in the street are therefore important attributing circumstances for assault as security issue. Be aware that the type of establishment, as well as the way they are clustered can be of great influence on the extent that assault may result. A practical guide to assessing this can be found on the website of the Center for Problem-Orientated Policing <ref>http://www.popcenter.org/problems/assaultsinbars/</ref>.
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* Use of alcohol and/or drugs: increases level of aggression. About one-third of the recorded assault cases are related to the use of alcohol or drugs<ref>http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf, table 32</ref>. The excessive use of alcohol and consequently the access to alcohol in bars, cafés, dance clubs and other places of entertainment, but also liquor dealers or discount stores selling alcohol in places where alcohol is consumed in the street are therefore important attributing circumstances for assault as security issue. Be aware that the type of establishment, as well as the way they are clustered can be of great influence on the extent that assault may result. A practical guide to assessing this can be found on the website of the Centre for Problem-Orientated Policing <ref>http://www.popcenter.org/problems/assaultsinbars/</ref>.
 
* Excitement: increases likelihood of conflict. Excitement can be induced for example by competitive sports or aggressive or arousing music.
 
* Excitement: increases likelihood of conflict. Excitement can be induced for example by competitive sports or aggressive or arousing music.
 
* Large crowds - linked to the above point. Rival fan groupings at a sports game or concert goers are typical examples. In July 2012, an outdoor concert at Dublin's (Ireland) Phoenix Park resulted in a litany of incidents including assaults, public order offences, and drugs seizures. The concert was attended by c. 45,000 people, and a subsequent report by the police force (An Garda Siochana) found that the park was not a suitable venue for 'outdoor electric music concerts'<ref>http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/man-on-disability-benefit-charged-with-phoenix-park-gig-assault-569201.html</ref>.
  
* Large crowds - linked to the above point. Rival fan groupings at a sports game or concert goers are typical examples. In July 2012, an outdoor concert at Dublin's (Ireland) Phoenix Park resulted in a litany of incidents including assaults, public order offences, and drugs seizures. The concert was attended by c. 45,000 people, and a subsequent report by the police force (An Garda Siochana) found that the park was not a suitable venue for 'outdoor electric music concerts'<ref>http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/man-on-disability-benefit-charged-with-phoenix-park-gig-assault-569201.html</ref>.
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== Impacts ==
  
== Impacts ==
 
=== Social impacts ===
  
=== Social impacts ===
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From the social point of view, assaults can have various impacts, including generalised fear of crime and over-amplified feeling of insecurity, as well as loss of trust in institutions. There are several approaches to assess and address these impacts in urban planning that is responsive to citizens' security needs. It is particularly important to properly consider the [[gender perspective]] and the [[ecological perspective]]. The latter addresses the need to find a balance between [["designing out" approach|desigining out]] crime by infrastructure and providing reason for more assaults by building infrastrucuture that can be perceived by some social groups as unjustly exclusionary.
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From the social point of view, assaults can have various impacts, including generalised fear of crime and over-amplified feeling of insecurity, as well as loss of trust in institutions. There are several approaches to assess and address these impacts in urban planning that is responsive to citizens' security needs. It is particularly important to properly consider the [[gender perspective]] and the [[ecological perspective]]. The latter addresses the need to find a balance between [["designing out" approach|designing out]] crime by infrastructure and providing reason for more assaults by building infrastructure that can be perceived by some social groups as unjustly exclusionary.
   
 
* [[Perception of (in)security|Perception of insecurity]]
  
* [[Perception of (in)security|Perception of insecurity]]
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Assault leads to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of crime#Primary economic impact of crime|primary]]) and a indirect ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighborhood.</ref>. Direct costs of assaults come in the form of:
  
Assault leads to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of crime#Primary economic impact of crime|primary]]) and a indirect ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighborhood.</ref>. Direct costs of assaults come in the form of:
 
* Preventive costs in anticipation of assaults (e.g. private security measures);
  
* Preventive costs in anticipation of assaults (e.g. private security measures);
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* Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of assaults (e.g. physical damage, repairments, medical costs, mental harm); and
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* Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of assaults (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm); and
 
* Responsive costs to assaults (e.g. the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, support trial, etc.).
 
* Responsive costs to assaults (e.g. the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, support trial, etc.).
   
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A study undertaken in the Netherlands<ref>Source: SEO (2007).''The costs of crime''.</ref> estimated that the average costs of a physical assault in the Netherlands is EUR 5,500 per offence and a mere threat EUR 2,700.<ref>This is relatively much compared to the average costs of ''e.g.'' vandalism (EUR 700 – EUR 950 per case) of property crimes (EUR 1,400 – 1,900 per case), but far less than sexual offences (EUR 48,000 per case) and murder (± EUR 3.2 million) Source: SEO, 2007</ref>. Moreover, there are costs related to behavioral changes due to a fear of [[victimization]] and harm done to the offender’s and victim’s family, friends and acquaintances. These costs are not quantified in the above mentioned studies.
 +
A study undertaken in the Netherlands<ref>Source: SEO (2007).''The costs of crime''.</ref> estimated that the average costs of a physical assault in the Netherlands is EUR 5,500 per offence and a mere threat EUR 2,700.<ref>This is relatively much compared to the average costs of ''e.g.'' vandalism (EUR 700 – EUR 950 per case) of property crimes (EUR 1,400 – 1,900 per case), but far less than sexual offences (EUR 48,000 per case) and murder (± EUR 3.2 million) Source: SEO, 2007</ref>. Moreover, there are costs related to behavioural changes due to a fear of [[victimization]] and harm done to the offender’s and victim’s family, friends and acquaintances. These costs are not quantified in the above mentioned studies.
   
−
Physical assault and battery don't just create costs for the victim and public authorities, but can also have a negative impact on the whole area or local community, the so called [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary economic impact of crime]]. Crime prone areas with a longstanding reputation for suffering from much crime are subjects of high mobility of residents, vandalism, empty lots and buildings, businesses with extreme security measures, etc. In addition, one could consider the opportunity costs of police and other public services (like health care services for victim support), and the long term health costs and decrease in income due to the traumatizing impact of assaults.
 +
Physical assault and battery don't just create costs for the victim and public authorities, but can also have a negative impact on the whole area or local community, the so called [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary economic impact of crime]]. Crime prone areas with a long-standing reputation for suffering from much crime are subjects of high mobility of residents, vandalism, empty lots and buildings, businesses with extreme security measures, etc. In addition, one could consider the opportunity costs of police and other public services (like health care services for victim support), and the long term health costs and decrease in income due to the traumatizing impact of assaults.
   
 
=== Mobility impacts ===
  
=== Mobility impacts ===
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The mobility impacts depend on the size of the assault. In most cases, if it concerns only a few people, the mobility impact on the traffic flows or [[Transportation system|transportation system]] will be negligible.
 
The mobility impacts depend on the size of the assault. In most cases, if it concerns only a few people, the mobility impact on the traffic flows or [[Transportation system|transportation system]] will be negligible.
   
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: By designing the road network such that traffic flows are spread over the whole area, secluded areas can be prevented. Traffic simulation models (e.g. [[Urban Strategy]], Dynasmart) can help with this by estimating traffic flows for alternative road designs.
  
: By designing the road network such that traffic flows are spread over the whole area, secluded areas can be prevented. Traffic simulation models (e.g. [[Urban Strategy]], Dynasmart) can help with this by estimating traffic flows for alternative road designs.
   
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Assault, be it domestic violence or some other form of assault, often occurs as a result of personal situation and conflict between persons with different views, or where alcohol or drugs have heightened emotions/aggression. From an urban planning perspective, a useful and practical aid in decision-making and policy formulation is enhanced interaction between the law enforcement agency and the planning sector. For example, be acquiring the spatial datasets of incidents of reported assault, it may be possible for planners to create a 'hotspots' map of area within the urban environment where a higher proportion of assaults have occured over time. From this, urban planners could consider what measures could address this problem, and could direct resources where available.
 +
Assault, be it domestic violence or some other form of assault, often occurs as a result of personal situation and conflict between persons with different views, or where alcohol or drugs have heightened emotions/aggression. From an urban planning perspective, a useful and practical aid in decision-making and policy formulation is enhanced interaction between the law enforcement agency and the planning sector. For example, be acquiring the spatial datasets of incidents of reported assault, it may be possible for planners to create a 'hotspots' map of area within the urban environment where a higher proportion of assaults have occurred over time. From this, urban planners could consider what measures could address this problem, and could direct resources where available.
   
 
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Revision as of 15:13, 7 December 2012


Security issue: Assault

Assault, in the use of this Securipedia, is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear or to experience any type of violence, except for sexual violence, which is covered under Sexual assault.

Description

Street fight

The specific meaning of assault varies between countries, but refers to an act that causes another to apprehend immediate and personal violence, or in the more limited sense, to apprehend a threat of violence caused by an immediate show of force. In legal terms, assault is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear violence, and is often distinguished from battery, which involves physical contact. For the use in this Securipedia, the broader definition of assault is used, meaning that battery will be included in the use of the term assault. Sexual assault is considered seperately.

Assault accounts for a relevant part of the total of recorded crime, e.g. for about 20% in the UK [1] as well as in the US [2].

Attributing circumstances

  • Use of alcohol and/or drugs: increases level of aggression. About one-third of the recorded assault cases are related to the use of alcohol or drugs[3]. The excessive use of alcohol and consequently the access to alcohol in bars, cafés, dance clubs and other places of entertainment, but also liquor dealers or discount stores selling alcohol in places where alcohol is consumed in the street are therefore important attributing circumstances for assault as security issue. Be aware that the type of establishment, as well as the way they are clustered can be of great influence on the extent that assault may result. A practical guide to assessing this can be found on the website of the Centre for Problem-Orientated Policing [4].
  • Excitement: increases likelihood of conflict. Excitement can be induced for example by competitive sports or aggressive or arousing music.
  • Large crowds - linked to the above point. Rival fan groupings at a sports game or concert goers are typical examples. In July 2012, an outdoor concert at Dublin's (Ireland) Phoenix Park resulted in a litany of incidents including assaults, public order offences, and drugs seizures. The concert was attended by c. 45,000 people, and a subsequent report by the police force (An Garda Siochana) found that the park was not a suitable venue for 'outdoor electric music concerts'[5].
  • Abandoned/secluded areas and low traffic volumes (cars and/or pedestrians): decreases likelihood of detection
  • Low level of social monitoring: decreases level of social correction
  • Low level of physical monitoring (e.g. cameras): decreases likelihood of detection, which reduces the possibilities of intervening and increases the likelihood of the conflict escalating
  • Long reaction times or inadequate action of reaction force
  • Presence of vulnerable groups: increases the likelihood of conflict

Socio-economic causes

Together with alcohol consumption, poverty is one of the few socio-economic causes that increases the risk of vulnerable groups such as women, children, adolescents and homosexuals[6] becoming victims of physical violence.

Impacts

Social impacts

From the social point of view, assaults can have various impacts, including generalised fear of crime and over-amplified feeling of insecurity, as well as loss of trust in institutions. There are several approaches to assess and address these impacts in urban planning that is responsive to citizens' security needs. It is particularly important to properly consider the gender perspective and the ecological perspective. The latter addresses the need to find a balance between designing out crime by infrastructure and providing reason for more assaults by building infrastructure that can be perceived by some social groups as unjustly exclusionary.

There are checklists available from research that help address social aspects of security issues such as assault. A recommendable method to involve citizens in urban planning that "designs in" those social aspects is the safety audit.

See also

Economic impact

Assault leads to considerable costs in both a direct (primary) and a indirect (secondary) way[7]. Direct costs of assaults come in the form of:

  • Preventive costs in anticipation of assaults (e.g. private security measures);
  • Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of assaults (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm); and
  • Responsive costs to assaults (e.g. the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, support trial, etc.).

A study undertaken in the Netherlands[8] estimated that the average costs of a physical assault in the Netherlands is EUR 5,500 per offence and a mere threat EUR 2,700.[9]. Moreover, there are costs related to behavioural changes due to a fear of victimization and harm done to the offender’s and victim’s family, friends and acquaintances. These costs are not quantified in the above mentioned studies.

Physical assault and battery don't just create costs for the victim and public authorities, but can also have a negative impact on the whole area or local community, the so called secondary economic impact of crime. Crime prone areas with a long-standing reputation for suffering from much crime are subjects of high mobility of residents, vandalism, empty lots and buildings, businesses with extreme security measures, etc. In addition, one could consider the opportunity costs of police and other public services (like health care services for victim support), and the long term health costs and decrease in income due to the traumatizing impact of assaults.

Mobility impacts

The mobility impacts depend on the size of the assault. In most cases, if it concerns only a few people, the mobility impact on the traffic flows or transportation system will be negligible.

In case the assault would lead to an obstruction of the road, traffic flows will be deteriorated, depending on the obstruction and the degree of robustness of the road network.

In case the assault would lead to an obstruction of a location of interest, people flows towards this location will be deteriorated. Depending on the type of location (e.g. a household or a commercial business) this obstruction will have an economic impact.

When people are injured or in danger, emergency services will be called to assist. These include the police, ambulances or fire brigades. The emergency services need to know the best route to the incident location, taking into account possible obstructions. Incident management assists in reducing the duration and impact of incidents.

Safety impacts

Physical effects of assault include injuries, ranging from relatives innocent bruises to serious injuries like broken bones, cuts or shot wounds.

Measures

Potential measures that can mitigate the likelihood or impact of assault, are:

By designing the road network such that traffic flows are spread over the whole area, secluded areas can be prevented. Traffic simulation models (e.g. Urban Strategy, Dynasmart) can help with this by estimating traffic flows for alternative road designs.

Assault, be it domestic violence or some other form of assault, often occurs as a result of personal situation and conflict between persons with different views, or where alcohol or drugs have heightened emotions/aggression. From an urban planning perspective, a useful and practical aid in decision-making and policy formulation is enhanced interaction between the law enforcement agency and the planning sector. For example, be acquiring the spatial datasets of incidents of reported assault, it may be possible for planners to create a 'hotspots' map of area within the urban environment where a higher proportion of assaults have occurred over time. From this, urban planners could consider what measures could address this problem, and could direct resources where available.

Footnotes and references

  1. ↑ http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/hosb1011?view=Binary, page 28
  2. ↑ http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf, table 1
  3. ↑ http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus06.pdf, table 32
  4. ↑ http://www.popcenter.org/problems/assaultsinbars/
  5. ↑ http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/man-on-disability-benefit-charged-with-phoenix-park-gig-assault-569201.html
  6. ↑ See e.g.: Straus, M.A, and R.J. Gelles (2009); Zavaschi, M.Z. et al. (2002) http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S1020-49892002001100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es; Huebner, D.M. et al. (2003) http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.94.7.1200
  7. ↑ Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighborhood.
  8. ↑ Source: SEO (2007).The costs of crime.
  9. ↑ This is relatively much compared to the average costs of e.g. vandalism (EUR 700 – EUR 950 per case) of property crimes (EUR 1,400 – 1,900 per case), but far less than sexual offences (EUR 48,000 per case) and murder (± EUR 3.2 million) Source: SEO, 2007

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