Industry

An industrial unit is an urban object that accommodates employment and economic activity in the processing of raw materials and in manufacturing.

Description

Industry, an economic activity that consists of manufacturing goods and the processing of raw materials, can be broadly considered to encompass the following three archetypes:

Industry type	Description	Icon
Heavy Industry	Land and premises associated with heavy industrial activities, such as manufacturing or processing. Heavy industry is usually planned and developed away from the urban area where there is a high residential component.
Light Industry	Industrial activities that are more labour intensive and less capital intensive than the above. The output is typically an end-product, of smaller consumer goods. Light industry is typically cleaner and less impacting on the physical and natural environment, and there is less restiction on its establishment close to residential areas in the urban environment.
Warehousing	Usually large buildings for the commercial storage of both raw materials and manufactured goods prior to distribution to retailers, etc.

Both heavy and light industrial employment activities are most frequently located away from town and city centres (often in so-called industrial estates or business/commercial parks), in accordance with the zoning provisions of the relevant development plan. The character of such areas is generally single use, with little or no retail activities or residential land uses occurring within them (apart from those necessary to serve employees). This often means that they are largely unoccupied outside of normal working hours, which can raise security issues. The large footprint of the buildings required to house many industrial activities can also mean that there are significant areas that do not feature any form of passive surveillance. Warehousing and storage facilities would share many of the same characteristics of industrial employment activities, given that they are usually large buildings for the commercial storage of both raw materials and manufactured goods prior to distribution to retailers, etc.

In the text below, any of the icons in the above table will be used whenever an observation is specific to heavy industry, light industry or warehousing urban objects.

Functions

Social

Industry is an important component of society and overall development progress. Not only is it a source of employment, but it is also important for the provision of raw materials. Many developing societies have a higher dependence on industrial activities, while more developed societies may have a broader economic base.

Vulnerability assessment for industry infrastructure from the social point of view should include the following aspects:

• List of indicators for assessment of subjective protection requirements of critical infrastructure;
• Types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society as well as needs to protect it;
• Societal aspects of failure of critical services.

For example, it is known that perceived direct benefit of an industry infrastructure increases the need to protect that infrastructure because of individual dependance (employment generates income).

Another example is that industry infrastructure is important for supplying daily goods. It is known that perceived direct benefit (or dependance) of an infrastructure increases its acceptance and increases citizens' felt risks to that infrastructure and need to protect it. Societal consequences of supply chain disruptions caused by failure of industry-type urban objects can also be severe and call for vulnerability assessment beyond urban safety aspects.

These examples show how important it is to involve citizens in risk assessment. In the case of industry infrastructure, this should include users as well as nearby residents since depending on the type of industry (such as chemical). VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such citizen participation. Suitable methods to perform related assessments for industry infrastructure in particular include local open dialogue as a method to determine how citizens will be affected by spatial planning for industry usage, including addressing of citizens' perception of related risks and insecurity.

Economic

Industry areas accommodate economic activity that consists of manufacturing goods and the processing of raw materials (i.e. industrial activities). Today, industry plays a major role in most Western societies, and is an important source of economic activities, generating economic impact both as a facilitator of economic activities, and as an urban development project.

Industrial objects are subject to both fanatics (terrorists or other types of fanatics) and unlawful intrusion (burglary). These events cause economic effects in terms of anticipation (e.g. security locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime/terrorism (e.g. loss of valuable property), and in response to crime/terrorism (police investigation, legal system, war on terrorism, etc.). Crime and terrorism also generate secondary economic effect on other parts of the local/regional economy.

Apart from the more traditional security measures such as policing, alarm systems, surveillance and regulatory bodies, the ‘designing out’ or 'sustainable design' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process, can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage.

Mobility

Industrial areas are usually located at peripheral locations at the outer edge of cities or near ports and other transportation hubs.

The peripheral location of many industrial facilities will often dictate their mobility requirements; they will frequently generate a significant amount of congestion as people may not have the same public transport mode availability of employees working in more central or well served locations, and the traffic demand to and from industrial zones is largest during peak hours. Congestion may cause a higher safety and security risk, as explained here.

A special form of transport connected to industry is transport of hazardous or dangerous goods. Hazardous goods can be transported via all modalities (road, rail, water) or via special infrastructure such as pipelines. Transportation of hazardous goods causes particular security risks, since hazardous goods can harm people (by definition) if they are released. Hazardous goods are for example radioactive, flammable, explosive, or toxic. "HazMat teams" are personnel specially trained to handle dangerous goods . There are several sets of regulations covering aspects of the transport of hazardous substances .

Safety

Specific safety issues of industrial venues arise when:

• The object can be potentially harmful to humans (such as chemical plants, oil/gas refineries and storages, nuclear plants, etcetera). The regular transport and storage of large quantities of hazardous goods adds to this threat, as it increases the probability and impact of and incident, respectively.
• The object is situated next to incompatible land used (for example a high risk industrial complex close to a stadium, which could increase the impact of an accident manifold).
• The object holding hazardous materials is situated in a location with an increased risk of natural hazards (storm, flooding, earthquake, etc.) or suffers a lax safety regime.
• The object provides an essential service to the well-being of humans and belongs to the critical infrastructure. In this case, the sole fact of its failure can bring harm to the people by the interruption of essential services (such as power, water or telecom services).

Security Issues

Security issues associated with industrial objects, are amongst others related with the fact that it can be an attractive object for fanatics. This is due to the potential of some industrial objects to magnify the effect of an attack. This happens when an object has one of the above mentioned safety issues associated with it. Also, industrial objects often store goods that might be perceived as valuables. This makes these kinds of urban objects vulnerable for the following security issues:

• Security issue: Burglary
• Security issue: Destruction by fanatics
• Security issue: Mass killing (indirectly, by destruction of an industrial object that will become a hazard for its surroundings)

Measures

The measures for each type of security issue can be found on the respective pages. There are few measures they are specifically suited or unsuited to this kind of urban object, but some general considerations can be mentioned:

As offices are closed (non public) areas, the flows in and out the area can be strictly controlled if needed.

• Ownership is required for the public to be aware to enter private space and know to act accordingly.
• Access control is closely related to ownership and one of the most rudimentary measures as it ensures the possibility to determine who does and who does not get access to the premise. It is usually enforced by having a dynamic gate (for vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, etc.) with a guard at hand or electronically present.
• Screening is a measure that can be employed supporting access control. By screening your visitors, a more rigid access control can be enforced.
• Directing traffic flows can be employed to ensure only the expected kind of traffic enters via the entrances. Examples of directing traffic flows for industry locations are fences around the premises, creating separate routes for visitors and delivery, creating separate entrances for trusted visitors and personnel or creating low passages to separate passenger cars from trucks.
• Target hardening can greatly increase the effort needed for criminals to enter the object and thereby reduce the attractiveness of an object. Target hardening is especially effective in combination with detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance and intervention force. The object of target hardening is to delay the crime long enough to be detected and intervened upon by a intervention force. A target which - in the perception of the criminal - is hardened to a level that entry is not likely before detection and intervention, is not attractive.
• Surveillance can be effective against security issues, but can incur high costs if implemented as dedicated observers, either on location or remote. A more natural form of surveillance is surveillance by the inhabitants (also known as 'natural surveillance'), provided that the commercial area is inhabited and the inhabitants have a good surveillability.
• Intervention force is needed to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance effective.

For an optimal security policy all aspects of security should be coherently considered in the security strategy. This means that physical/procedural/organisational security measures should be coordinated with cyber/information security and personnel security. If this coordination is not assured, security gaps and overlaps can occur in the security regime, both of which can be detrimental to the level of security.