Environmental design

Initiatives such as "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (http://www.CPTED.net) have directly derived practical urban planning principles to limit the damage of terrorist attacks. These principles include:

• stand off distances, to keep people and bomber vehicles away from targets,
• laminated glass,
• framed structures,
• bombshelter areas etc.

Other CPTED inspired core issues that builders, architects and the housing associations should take into consideration throughout the planning process for designing buildings and public space are:

• Orientation
• Good overview
• Visibility
• Lighting
• Accessibility
• Vibrant urban environment and multiple social functions
• Responsibility
• Avoiding conflicts
• Ensuring maintenance

For the success of the historical implementation of CPTED the following four factors occur together:

1. Willingness of the participants to be part of a security partnership
2. Integration of citizens in the planning process through communication and participation methods
3. Decentralization and localization
4. Commitment