Difference between revisions of "Social aspects"
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Design features of urban infrastructure influence citizens’ perception of the risk that infrastructure is at, or that it is assumed to mitigate or prevent. Design features also influence the general perception of criticality of that infrastructure. These two are important aspects of [[belongs to::Security_culture|security culture]]. While urban sociology and socially concerned urban planning have gained much insight on environments such as "pleasant", "calming" or "exciting"<ref>Cf. Nasar 2001: 168.</ref>, "secure environments" have been addressed to a far lesser extent. |
Design features of urban infrastructure influence citizens’ perception of the risk that infrastructure is at, or that it is assumed to mitigate or prevent. Design features also influence the general perception of criticality of that infrastructure. These two are important aspects of [[belongs to::Security_culture|security culture]]. While urban sociology and socially concerned urban planning have gained much insight on environments such as "pleasant", "calming" or "exciting"<ref>Cf. Nasar 2001: 168.</ref>, "secure environments" have been addressed to a far lesser extent. |
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| − | Secure environments facilitate the meeting of social needs by help of |
+ | Secure environments facilitate the meeting of social needs by help of built infrastructure. Commonly, societal needs are addressed in [[is goal for::urban planning]] (such as need for recreation area, need for public transport improvement, need for bike routes, need for social gathering places and culture resources, special needs of vulnerable groups (such as children, disabled, elderly etc.). Many of them have security/safety relevance. Examples are: |
# Lighting of or video installation at urban spaces, bus stops, etc., which helps reducing crime rates, robberies, sexual harassment etc. |
# Lighting of or video installation at urban spaces, bus stops, etc., which helps reducing crime rates, robberies, sexual harassment etc. |
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# According standardized constructions to avoid chemical leaching from/around industrial sites and to avoid substance harassment and environmental pollution; |
# According standardized constructions to avoid chemical leaching from/around industrial sites and to avoid substance harassment and environmental pollution; |
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The "ecological" perspective <ref>Michelson 2011.</ref> in urban sociology explores what happens in social terms as a consequence of the exposure of people to built environment. Possible consequences include social exclusion of specific parts of the public, as reprimanded by cultural criminology <ref>Cf. Garland 2001.</ref>. |
The "ecological" perspective <ref>Michelson 2011.</ref> in urban sociology explores what happens in social terms as a consequence of the exposure of people to built environment. Possible consequences include social exclusion of specific parts of the public, as reprimanded by cultural criminology <ref>Cf. Garland 2001.</ref>. |
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| − | On the bottom line, urban structure has an impact on social processes, and this needs to be addressed in strategic urban planning (cf. Hannigan 1998). The school of "new urbanism" has referred to this as the " |
+ | On the bottom line, urban structure has an impact on social processes, and this needs to be addressed in strategic urban planning (cf. Hannigan 1998). The school of "new urbanism" has referred to this as the "socio-spatial perspective". This means that urban space and society interact, and that "social space operates as both a product and a producer of changes in the metropolitan environment" <ref>Gottdiener/Hutchinson 2011: 394.</ref>. |
Social aspects are citizen-related aspects, and security in urban space is societal security. That given, citizens should always be part of security and related considerations in urban planning since citizens are its ultimate end-users. However, it is not easy to address citizens by built infrastructure in order – for example – to influence their behaviour using that infrastructure. The reason for this is that – among other things due to culture aspects – citizens ‘read’ built urban environment in different ways: One central tenet in environmental psychology is that meaning intentionally embodied in built environment is not always decoded by citizens according to that intention.<ref>Cf. Nasar 2011.</ref> Therefore, it is important that urban designs “incorporate public meanings” and citizens’ images of places, <ref>Nasar 2011: 166.</ref>, including – one can add – those of secure places. |
Social aspects are citizen-related aspects, and security in urban space is societal security. That given, citizens should always be part of security and related considerations in urban planning since citizens are its ultimate end-users. However, it is not easy to address citizens by built infrastructure in order – for example – to influence their behaviour using that infrastructure. The reason for this is that – among other things due to culture aspects – citizens ‘read’ built urban environment in different ways: One central tenet in environmental psychology is that meaning intentionally embodied in built environment is not always decoded by citizens according to that intention.<ref>Cf. Nasar 2011.</ref> Therefore, it is important that urban designs “incorporate public meanings” and citizens’ images of places, <ref>Nasar 2011: 166.</ref>, including – one can add – those of secure places. |
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| − | ==The " |
+ | ==The "socio-spatial perspective"== |
| − | How ''built'' social infrastructure and ''society'' interact is for example addressed by the [[ |
+ | How ''built'' social infrastructure and ''society'' interact is for example addressed by the [[socio-spatial perspective]] in urbanism research. |
==Citizen involvement in security-related urban planning== |
==Citizen involvement in security-related urban planning== |
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| − | Practical addressing of social aspects and aspects of [[is goal for::Security_culture|security culture]] in security-related urban planning can best be accomplished by appropriately involving citizens, based on a set of |
+ | Practical addressing of social aspects and aspects of [[is goal for::Security_culture|security culture]] in security-related urban planning can best be accomplished by appropriately involving citizens, based on a set of introduced methods of [[can be done by::Citizen_participation|citizen participation]]. |
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Revision as of 18:42, 7 December 2012
Contents
Social aspects
Social aspects are ...
Description
Design features of urban infrastructure influence citizens’ perception of the risk that infrastructure is at, or that it is assumed to mitigate or prevent. Design features also influence the general perception of criticality of that infrastructure. These two are important aspects of security culture. While urban sociology and socially concerned urban planning have gained much insight on environments such as "pleasant", "calming" or "exciting"[1], "secure environments" have been addressed to a far lesser extent.
Secure environments facilitate the meeting of social needs by help of built infrastructure. Commonly, societal needs are addressed in is goal for::urban planning (such as need for recreation area, need for public transport improvement, need for bike routes, need for social gathering places and culture resources, special needs of vulnerable groups (such as children, disabled, elderly etc.). Many of them have security/safety relevance. Examples are:
- Lighting of or video installation at urban spaces, bus stops, etc., which helps reducing crime rates, robberies, sexual harassment etc.
- According standardized constructions to avoid chemical leaching from/around industrial sites and to avoid substance harassment and environmental pollution;
- According physical protection of urban rivers and channels (also sewage) to avoid flooding /overflowing;
- Child friendly construction norms and standards for schools and preschools to avoid injuries (e.g. safety areas near streets);
- Additional parking houses/garages to provide for increased drivers’ needs – improvement of ventilation systems to control exhaust fumes and avoid health problems;
- Counter-terrorism design measures to avoid terrorist attempts;
- etc.
The "ecological perspective"
The "ecological" perspective [2] in urban sociology explores what happens in social terms as a consequence of the exposure of people to built environment. Possible consequences include social exclusion of specific parts of the public, as reprimanded by cultural criminology [3].
On the bottom line, urban structure has an impact on social processes, and this needs to be addressed in strategic urban planning (cf. Hannigan 1998). The school of "new urbanism" has referred to this as the "socio-spatial perspective". This means that urban space and society interact, and that "social space operates as both a product and a producer of changes in the metropolitan environment" [4].
Social aspects are citizen-related aspects, and security in urban space is societal security. That given, citizens should always be part of security and related considerations in urban planning since citizens are its ultimate end-users. However, it is not easy to address citizens by built infrastructure in order – for example – to influence their behaviour using that infrastructure. The reason for this is that – among other things due to culture aspects – citizens ‘read’ built urban environment in different ways: One central tenet in environmental psychology is that meaning intentionally embodied in built environment is not always decoded by citizens according to that intention.[5] Therefore, it is important that urban designs “incorporate public meanings” and citizens’ images of places, [6], including – one can add – those of secure places.
The "socio-spatial perspective"
How built social infrastructure and society interact is for example addressed by the socio-spatial perspective in urbanism research.
Practical addressing of social aspects and aspects of security culture in security-related urban planning can best be accomplished by appropriately involving citizens, based on a set of introduced methods of citizen participation.
Footnotes and references
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