Difference between revisions of "Perception of (in)security and risks"

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[[Category:Safety]][[Category:Social]]
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=Perception of (in)security=
  
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'''Perception of (in)security and risks''' depends on [[Risk perception mechanisms|general psychological mechanisms]] but also on cultural and social factors. Risk is never an objective figure but always "negotiated" or "constructed" within society, based on cultural backgrounds.
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==Introduction==
  
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The general assumption of social and cultural approaches to the '''perception of (in)security''' is that phenomena such as [[Cultural_criminology|fear of crime]] depend on culturally embedded meanings of risk. They are thus seen by cultural approaches more as an indicator of the collective memory of particular events as shaped by political response, media framing etc. than of citizens’ actual security beliefs/perceptions.
 
   
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==Relevance for security-related urban planning==
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For example, immigrant cultures may be interpreted as the cause of social radicalization processes that mount up to threats to internal security (such as in France or the Netherlands); differently, a user security culture may be interpreted as a social firewall against IT security offences (as it is the case in Sweden). These factors also influence the [[Infrastructure|perception of the criticality of infrastructure]]. Nevertheless, also the UN-HABITAT study concluded that “''the perception of insecurity in cities depends largely upon the substantial amount and constant flow of information that urban residents receive from many sources''”<ref>UN-HABITAT United Nations UN Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) (2007a): Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Planning: A Guide for Municipalities. Volume 1. United Nations UN Settlements Programme UNON Publishing Service Section. Online: http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2662 [01-11-2011].</ref>, and this could include the semiotics of built environment.
 
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Only focusing on objective risk reduction is not enough in security-related urban planning. Risk information and design features of urban infrastructure influence citizens’ perception of the risk that infrastructure is at: "the perception of insecurity in cities depends largely upon the substantial amount and constant flow of information that urban residents receive from many sources."<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT): Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. London: Earthscan, 2007a, 19. Retrieved from: http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2432 [last access: 2012-05-23].</ref> Appropriate [[risk communication]] that accompanies urban planning can help reduce the gap between perceived/felt and factual risk/security. Moreover, perception of security and risks is often gender-dependent, that leads to different urban protection needs. Understanding the various situations and individual needs should inform all aspects of urban planning and management.
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==Perception of (in)security and its relevance to urban planning==
  
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Public perception of security with respect to built environment has a couple of practical ramifications for strategic [[urban planning]]. Different aspects of urban dynamics, e.g. pedestrians, bicycle riders, public transport, are an important part of city life and can therefore influence the perception of (in-)security in urban areas. The importance of defining and analyzing the notion of individual security perception (as opposed to a given factual security situation) for the planning of public (urban) space has to be stressed.
  
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It follows that planning tools aiming at increasing urban [[resilience]] should be sensitive to the social context to which they are applied. Their development and use should be based on an analysis of relevant public [[security culture|security cultures]] on both the level of government and the level of citizens. In particular, the design and use of tools should be based on citizens’ perception of insecurity, feeling of [[vulnerability]] and acceptance of technological solutions for [[security]] problems.
  
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It requires a “''multicultural sensibility for planning''”, which includes considering how cultures, “''which prescribe members’ relations with the community, orient their actions, and, among other things, suggest how they might use formal planning processes.''”<ref>Baum, H. S. (2000): Culture Matters–But It Shouldn’t Matter Too Much. In: Burayidi, M. A. (ed.): Urban Planning in a Multicultural Society, Westport, CT: Greenwood:115.</ref>.
  
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==Security enhancing urban planning==
  
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[[Urban planning]] decisions sensitive of security aspects should integrate in a broader way citizens’ perception of [[security]] in urban spaces, appreciating that this is a multidimensional process depending on various factors. The use of urban planning tools should be based on an analysis of relevant public security cultures on both the level of government and the level of citizens. In particular, the design and use of tools should be based on citizens’ perception of insecurity, feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems. Essentially, culture and society-related parameters of urban planning include, among others, different user groups (user cultures), value conflicts and competencies of the urban planning agencies involved in the process.
 
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[[Security]] problems accumulate in specific areas and also depend on the way public space is used. Lessons learned highlight some important urban planning elements, such as barrier-free mobility, sufficient lighting, spaces enabling communication and networking, as well as providing low-speed traffic lanes. Undisturbed access to public space and use of facilities is an important indicator of a positive assessment of personal security. Discursive strategies and related public communication measures are an important asset in reducing public disorder phenomena, while actual experiences of insecurity are often found to be rumors. Public space often has to serve multiple and often conflicting interests, politically or economically motivated, which has proven counterproductive both to the planning and everyday use. In this regard, it is important to consider the question: Security for whom? This entails the setting up of an analytical framework that allows for involving all relevant actors in the process of urban planning. Several methods are available to implement citizen participation.
  
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==Options to integrated perception in the planning process==
  
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The awareness of planning capabilities should be sharpened in the future, both to contribute to vulnerability identification as well as to strengthen resilience. Analyzing the individuals’ perception of its security can play a key role in this. For example, while the need to provide for sufficient lighting clearly shapes the planning process of urban public space, thorough analysis of the relevant users and user groups are required to better assess how lighting can contribute to heighten individual security perception and to reduce “fear” in public space. Following a participatory approach by involving citizens, the neighbourhood and prospective users in the urban planning process can impact social control and the “user experience” of the facility.
  
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An initial checklist for [[Requirements_to_enhance_resilience|requirements]] to identify vulnerabilities in order to enhance resilience can be derived from this, for appropriate consideration in urban planning.
  
   
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==Dimensions impacting citizens' perception of security of urban places==
 
{| class="wikitable"
  
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
  
|-
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*Facilitation of usage possibilities for different types of people (integrative spaces);
  
*Facilitation of usage possibilities for different types of people (integrative spaces);
 
*Allowance of communication through the design of public spaces (meeting points).
  
*Allowance of communication through the design of public spaces (meeting points).
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''Marginalised people''
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''
  
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*Marginalised people use public space as recreation area, and thus, they also rely on it;
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Marginalized people''
  
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*Marginalized people use public space as recreation area, and thus, they also rely on it;
 
 
*The usage of public space should be encouraged and supported by planning toilets, banks etc.;
 
*The usage of public space should be encouraged and supported by planning toilets, banks etc.;
 
*Creation roofed areas (sheltered installations) with no specific function.
  
*Creation roofed areas (sheltered installations) with no specific function.
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''Local experts''
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Local experts
  
 
*Local experts, like policeman or social workers of a public place, can easily identify and broach (social) issues of the area and therefore represent an important source of information and for urban planners;
  
*Local experts, like policeman or social workers of a public place, can easily identify and broach (social) issues of the area and therefore represent an important source of information and for urban planners;
 
*In each planning step, urban planners should involve interdisciplinary teams, consisting of planners and local experts.
  
*In each planning step, urban planners should involve interdisciplinary teams, consisting of planners and local experts.
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|-
  
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| Objects || ''Light/Lighting''
  
| Objects || ''Light/Lighting''
 
*Public places should be designed in areas with different illumination types;
 
*Public places should be designed in areas with different illumination types;
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*In order to avoid “hot spots of fear”, the planning of main streets, parks, pedestrian underpasses, subways etc. should consider powerful lighting and clear visible areas.
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*In order to avoid “hot spots of fear”, the planning of main streets, parks, pedestrian underpasses, subways, etc. should consider powerful lighting and clear visible areas.
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''Visibility/overviewability and vitalisation''
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''Visibility/overviewability and vitalization''
  
 
*Urban planners should use more glazed materials to facilitate the visibility and an easy overview of public places;
  
*Urban planners should use more glazed materials to facilitate the visibility and an easy overview of public places;
 
*Improvement of social security by using robust and sustainable materials.
  
*Improvement of social security by using robust and sustainable materials.
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''Plants/maintenance of green areas''
  
''Plants/maintenance of green areas''
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*Consideration of esthetic and functional aspects of green areas;
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*Consideration of aesthetic and functional aspects of green areas;
 
*Avoidance of planning green tunnels and green areas with no visibility and clear overview.
  
*Avoidance of planning green tunnels and green areas with no visibility and clear overview.
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''Environmental pollution''
  
''Environmental pollution''
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*Environmental pollution increases the citizens perception of insecurity on public spaces. Therefore urban planners should promote longlasting and sustainable materials;
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*Environmental pollution increases the citizens' perception of insecurity on public spaces. Therefore, urban planners should promote long-lasting and sustainable materials;
 
*Effective and user-oriented urban planning focuses also on reducing environmental pollution (e.g. waste bins, free toilets).
 
*Effective and user-oriented urban planning focuses also on reducing environmental pollution (e.g. waste bins, free toilets).
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| Dynamic elements || ''Good orientation/overview of public spaces''
  
| Dynamic elements || ''Good orientation/overview of public spaces''
 
*Urban planning should concentrate on the overview of urban areas for the purpose of orientation;
  
*Urban planning should concentrate on the overview of urban areas for the purpose of orientation;
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*Usage of a clear guidance system for important functional areas, like subway, stations of public transports or pedestrian underpasses;.
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*Usage of a clear guidance system for important functional areas, like subway, stations of public transports or pedestrian underpasses;
 
*Introduction of adequate usage concepts for different mobility patterns (e.g. pedestrian, bicycle);
  
*Introduction of adequate usage concepts for different mobility patterns (e.g. pedestrian, bicycle);
 
*Important target points/destinations should be visible from a longer distance.
  
*Important target points/destinations should be visible from a longer distance.
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''Traffic speed and circulation''
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''
  
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Traffic speed and circulation''
  
 
*Introduction of adequate usage concepts for different traffic patterns (e.g. bicycle, public transports);
  
*Introduction of adequate usage concepts for different traffic patterns (e.g. bicycle, public transports);
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*Concentration both on functional and esthetic aspects of public spaces allow fostering the possibility of “shared space” in order to enable urban and social skills (competences).
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*Concentration both on functional and aesthetic aspects of public spaces allows fostering the possibility of “shared space” in order to enable urban and social skills (competences)
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''Public places as meeting points'';
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*The urban planning process should provide concepts for different comfortable and "cosy" public spaces, where people living in the same urban area can spend time together, get to know each other etc.;
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''Public places as meeting point''s
  
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*Familiar encounters in the residential area increase the subjective sense of security.
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*The urban planning process should provide concepts for different comfortable and “cozy” public spaces, where people living in the same urban area can spend time together, get to know each other etc.:
  
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*familiar encounters in the residential area increase the subjective sense of security
  
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|-
  
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| Image/Identity of places || ''Image/Identity''
  
| Image/Identity of places || ''Image/Identity''
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*In this context, image means the reputation of a place; eanwhile identity is characterized by the history and usage of it. It is very important that urban planners consider these two aspects to create secure and agreeable rehabilitation of places.
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*In this context, image means the reputation of a place; meanwhile identity is characterised by the history and usage of it. It is very important that urban planners consider these two aspects to create secure and agreeable rehabilitation of places.
 
*Diverse actions of public participation helps to integrate elements of identity and image of a public space in the urban planning process;
  
*Diverse actions of public participation helps to integrate elements of identity and image of a public space in the urban planning process;
 
*Each step of the urban planning process should consider aspects of identity and image of urban areas.
  
*Each step of the urban planning process should consider aspects of identity and image of urban areas.
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|}
  
|}
   
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==Approaches how to address it==
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* Base security design and measures on citizens’ perception of insecurity, feeling of [[vulnerability]] and acceptance of technological solutions for [[security]] problems;
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* Inform citizens on risks of urban spaces/places before and after planning implementations;
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* Inform citizens on specific structural, design and material choices (see: [[designing in]] and [["designing out" approach|designing out]]);
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* Involve citizens in planning decisions and processes to consider their views and requests - use [[citizen participation]] methods, in particular [[local open dialogue]] methods and [[Participatory Diagnosis|participatory diagnosis]];
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* Consider gender and group specific risk views and security associations;
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* Adapt planning decisions according to citizens views and adopt specific requests;
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* Compensate gaps in risk perception vs. factual risks by adequate [[risk communication]];
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* Planning tools aiming at increasing urban [[resilience]] should be sensitive to the social context to which they are applied.
   
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==Related subjects==
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* [[Risk communication]]
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* [[Security culture]]
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* [[Culture aspects]]
   
 
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Latest revision as of 14:15, 12 June 2013

Perception of (in)security and risks depends on general psychological mechanisms but also on cultural and social factors. Risk is never an objective figure but always "negotiated" or "constructed" within society, based on cultural backgrounds.

Relevance for security-related urban planning

Only focusing on objective risk reduction is not enough in security-related urban planning. Risk information and design features of urban infrastructure influence citizens’ perception of the risk that infrastructure is at: "the perception of insecurity in cities depends largely upon the substantial amount and constant flow of information that urban residents receive from many sources."[1] Appropriate risk communication that accompanies urban planning can help reduce the gap between perceived/felt and factual risk/security. Moreover, perception of security and risks is often gender-dependent, that leads to different urban protection needs. Understanding the various situations and individual needs should inform all aspects of urban planning and management.

Dimensions impacting citizens' perception of security of urban places

Dimensions Aspects to consider in urban planning
People Diversity
  • Usage patterns of an urban area and related needs of the user (including spaces);
  • Facilitation of usage possibilities for different types of people (integrative spaces);
  • Allowance of communication through the design of public spaces (meeting points).

Marginalised people

  • Marginalised people use public space as recreation area, and thus, they also rely on it;
  • The usage of public space should be encouraged and supported by planning toilets, banks etc.;
  • Creation roofed areas (sheltered installations) with no specific function.

Local experts

  • Local experts, like policeman or social workers of a public place, can easily identify and broach (social) issues of the area and therefore represent an important source of information and for urban planners;
  • In each planning step, urban planners should involve interdisciplinary teams, consisting of planners and local experts.
Objects Light/Lighting
  • Public places should be designed in areas with different illumination types;
  • In order to avoid “hot spots of fear”, the planning of main streets, parks, pedestrian underpasses, subways, etc. should consider powerful lighting and clear visible areas.

Visibility/overviewability and vitalisation

  • Urban planners should use more glazed materials to facilitate the visibility and an easy overview of public places;
  • Improvement of social security by using robust and sustainable materials.

Plants/maintenance of green areas

  • Consideration of aesthetic and functional aspects of green areas;
  • Avoidance of planning green tunnels and green areas with no visibility and clear overview.

Environmental pollution

  • Environmental pollution increases the citizens' perception of insecurity on public spaces. Therefore, urban planners should promote long-lasting and sustainable materials;
  • Effective and user-oriented urban planning focuses also on reducing environmental pollution (e.g. waste bins, free toilets).
Dynamic elements Good orientation/overview of public spaces
  • Urban planning should concentrate on the overview of urban areas for the purpose of orientation;
  • Usage of a clear guidance system for important functional areas, like subway, stations of public transports or pedestrian underpasses;
  • Introduction of adequate usage concepts for different mobility patterns (e.g. pedestrian, bicycle);
  • Important target points/destinations should be visible from a longer distance.

Traffic speed and circulation

  • Introduction of adequate usage concepts for different traffic patterns (e.g. bicycle, public transports);
  • Concentration both on functional and aesthetic aspects of public spaces allows fostering the possibility of “shared space” in order to enable urban and social skills (competences)

Public places as meeting points;

  • The urban planning process should provide concepts for different comfortable and "cosy" public spaces, where people living in the same urban area can spend time together, get to know each other etc.;
  • Familiar encounters in the residential area increase the subjective sense of security.
Image/Identity of places Image/Identity
  • In this context, image means the reputation of a place; meanwhile identity is characterised by the history and usage of it. It is very important that urban planners consider these two aspects to create secure and agreeable rehabilitation of places.
  • Diverse actions of public participation helps to integrate elements of identity and image of a public space in the urban planning process;
  • Each step of the urban planning process should consider aspects of identity and image of urban areas.

Approaches how to address it

  • Base security design and measures on citizens’ perception of insecurity, feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems;
  • Inform citizens on risks of urban spaces/places before and after planning implementations;
  • Inform citizens on specific structural, design and material choices (see: designing in and designing out);
  • Involve citizens in planning decisions and processes to consider their views and requests - use citizen participation methods, in particular local open dialogue methods and participatory diagnosis;
  • Consider gender and group specific risk views and security associations;
  • Adapt planning decisions according to citizens views and adopt specific requests;
  • Compensate gaps in risk perception vs. factual risks by adequate risk communication;
  • Planning tools aiming at increasing urban resilience should be sensitive to the social context to which they are applied.

Related subjects

Footnotes and references

  1. ↑ United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT): Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. London: Earthscan, 2007a, 19. Retrieved from: http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2432 [last access: 2012-05-23].
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