Difference between revisions of "Measure type: Surveillance"
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Revision as of 14:04, 28 March 2012
Contents
Measure: surveillance
Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting.[1]
Monitoring of traffic is a related activity which can be used for general traffic management or incident management.
Description
Surveillance is the first step in the reaction chain detection-perception-interpretation-formulating action-acting. The essence of surveillance lies in the detection of the actual situation. This can be done in various ways:
- by dedicated observers on location
- remotely by dedicated observers
- by the public
By dedicated observers on location
Observation of the situation by dedicated observers on location can be done either by observers that are incognito, or observers that are clearly distiguishable. Both strategies have their advantages:
- observation by observers that are incognito can reveal the situation in its natural behaviour, undisturbed by the fact that it is observed. This can reveal behaviour (and its causes) that otherwise remain ondetected.
- observation by observers that are clearly distinguishabe can convey the presence of authority and excert a mitigating effect on the behaviour of the observed.
Remotely by dedicated observers
Monitoring with the help of cameras (CCTV) has become a common method throughout all Europe to combat crime and terrorism. In the UK more than 4 million cameras have been installed (The Associated Press, 2007).
By the public
This concerns involving (a select part of) the public in the detection of crime. This can both be facilitated by electronic means and more traditional means. Examples of both approaches can be found in:
- Veilige wijk
- Amber alert[2]
Essential conditions
Requirements to the urban environment
Effectiveness
CCTV
Effectiveness of CCTV:
- Empirical research finds that the overall crime rates drop in the areas with CCTV, but not in all cases and situations. Furthermore, crimes committed in the heat of the momen, such as assaults are in general not affected by the presence of cameras.
- Total costs of CCTV far exceed that of the camera hardware alone[3].
- To be effective, surveillance systems should be fully integrated into law enforcement practices
Side effects
- CCTV and the displacement effect
Situational crime prevention measures such as camera surveillance are subject of displacement effects. A UK-study (2009)[4] empirically tested this thesis in the UK on 13 CCTV projects and concludes that spatial displacement of crime due to camera surveillance does occur, but not in a frequent and uniform way across space and types of offences[5]
Footnotes and references
- ↑ wikipedia:Surveillance
- ↑ wikipedia: AMBER Alert
- ↑ See e.g.:http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/08/08-007.pdf and http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/dec/22/cctv-surveillance-police-cost
- ↑ Waples, S., M. Gill, and P. Fisher (2009). Does CCTV displace crime? Sage Publications.
- ↑ Violence against persons, for example, increased dramatically, which (according to the authors) "could be explained by the increase in reporting due to the cameras or due to the national upward trend in recorded violent crime."
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