Difference between revisions of "Crisis management cycle"
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==Definitions== |
==Definitions== |
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Views and interpretations of the phases vary largely in literature, according to disciplines; and there is a wide number of definitions available. Following definitions are conform with those provided from the [http://www.unisdr.org/ United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Disaster] (UNISDR 2009)<ref>UNISDR 2009: 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ISDR. United Nations: Geneva. Online: http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf [2011-05-13].</ref> |
Views and interpretations of the phases vary largely in literature, according to disciplines; and there is a wide number of definitions available. Following definitions are conform with those provided from the [http://www.unisdr.org/ United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Disaster] (UNISDR 2009)<ref>UNISDR 2009: 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ISDR. United Nations: Geneva. Online: http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf [2011-05-13].</ref> |
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===Mitigation=== |
===Mitigation=== |
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''Comment: The adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, but their scale or severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness. It should be noted that in climate change policy, “mitigation” is defined differently, being the term used for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of climate change.''" (UNISDR 2009: 19-20) |
''Comment: The adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, but their scale or severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness. It should be noted that in climate change policy, “mitigation” is defined differently, being the term used for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of climate change.''" (UNISDR 2009: 19-20) |
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===Preparedness=== |
===Preparedness=== |
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| + | "''The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. |
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| + | Comment: Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk management and aims |
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| + | to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly |
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| + | transitions from response through to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis |
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| + | of disaster risks and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities. The related term “readiness” describes the ability to quickly and appropriately respond when required.''" (UNISDR 2009: 21) |
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Revision as of 14:46, 19 July 2012
Contents
Crisis management cycle
Introduction
Crisis, disaster and emergency management are widely understood to be a multiple-phase process, with the phases generally paralleling, rather than running sequentially. Among several models of the crisis management cycle (synonymously used: emergency management cycle, disaster and/or risk management cycle), it’s terminology and number of phases circulating (cf. Stangl et Stollenwerk 2011)[1], the 4-phases cycle became widely accepted (cf. Schwab et al. 2007: 19[2], Coppola 2009: 8[3], US Department of Education 2009[4]).
Definitions
Views and interpretations of the phases vary largely in literature, according to disciplines; and there is a wide number of definitions available. Following definitions are conform with those provided from the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Disaster (UNISDR 2009)[5]
Mitigation
"The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.
Comment: The adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, but their scale or severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness. It should be noted that in climate change policy, “mitigation” is defined differently, being the term used for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of climate change." (UNISDR 2009: 19-20)
Preparedness
"The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.
Comment: Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk management and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response through to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risks and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities. The related term “readiness” describes the ability to quickly and appropriately respond when required." (UNISDR 2009: 21)
Response
Recovery
Disaster risk management
"The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.
Comment: This term is an extension of the more general term “risk management” to address the specific issue of disaster risks. Disaster risk management aims to avoid, lessen or transfer the adverse effects of hazards through activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness." (UNISDR 2009:10)
Emergency management
"The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.
Comment: A crisis or emergency is a threatening condition that requires urgent action. Effective emergency action can avoid the escalation of an event into a disaster. Emergency management involves plans and institutional arrangements to engage and guide the efforts of government, non-government, voluntary and private agencies in comprehensive and coordinated ways to respond to the entire spectrum of emergency needs. The expression “disaster management” is sometimes used instead of emergency management." (UNISDR 2009: 13-14)
Footnotes and references
- ↑ Stangl R., Stollenwerk J. (2011): Terminologie von Katastrophenmanagement-Kreisläufen/-Phasen. KIRAS-Projekt SFI@SFU Studie – S6, Oktober 2011. Institut für Sicherheitsforschung, Sigmund Freud Privat Universität: Wien. Online: http://www.esci.at/sfi-sfu/sfi_sfu_studie_4_kkm_kreislaeufe.pdf [2012-02-28].
- ↑ Schwab Anna K., Eschenbach Katherine, Brower David J. 2007: Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness. Danvers: Wiley.
- ↑ Coppola Damon P. (2007): Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- ↑ US Department of Education 2009. Action Guide for Emergency Management at Institutions of Higher Education. U.S. Department of Education Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools. Online : http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/emergencyplan/remsactionguide.pdf [2011-05-13].
- ↑ UNISDR 2009: 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ISDR. United Nations: Geneva. Online: http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf [2011-05-13].
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