Citizen participation
Types of citizen participation for use in urban planning consultation processes.[1]
| Type of participation |
Concept
|
| Information |
- Citizens are informed about their rights, responsibilities and options
- One-way communication, even if the information is provided at the request of stakeholders
- Does not involve channels to provide feedback or enter into negotiations
- Information is provided through channels that are accessible to all members of the community
|
| Consultation |
- Two-way communication, where stakeholders have an opportunity to voice suggestions and concerns
- Does not offer any assurance that stakeholders’ ideas and opinions will be used at all or as they intended
- Usually conducted through meetings chaired by a person representing various levels of government or their bodies
|
| Consensus building |
- Stakeholders interaction in order to understand each other and arrive at negotiated positions that are acceptable for the whole group
- However, vulnerable individuals and groups often tend to remain silent or passively agree to negotiated solutions
- Strategies should be employed to ensure that the opinions of men and women are equally considered, especially in this phase
|
| Decision-making |
- An expression of both power and responsibilities for outcomes that may result
- Negotiations at this stage reflect the different degrees of commitment exercised by individuals and groups
|
| Risk-sharing |
- Collective actions result in a mix of beneficial, harmful and neutral consequences that are equally shared by all partners
- Accountability is fundamental at this stage
|
| Partnership |
- Sharing among stakeholders with similar, equal status and towards a common goal
|
| Self-management |
- Highest level of participatory efforts
- Stakeholders take full responsibility for projects that affect them directly and are willing to learn how to conduct the process from beginning to end
|
Footnotes and references
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