New urbanism
Contents
New urbanism
New urbanism[1] is the main frame of reference for addressing social and culture aspects in urban planning. It is the conceptual integration of society into urbanity and links approaches from urban planning as well as social sciences and humanities.
Security aspects obviously have an influence on how built environment is changed and developed. Conversely, the way in which built environment is changed and developed influences the security of infrastructures, and of society as a whole. New Urbanism sets out to overcome the zoning of certain functional areas (typical of the industrial age) that separate residential from economy and other use. Nowadays, planning should aim at a mix of residential and economy-related functions and eliminate regional sprawl, because
- urban structure has an impact on social processes;
- urban space and society interact, and “social space operates as both a product and a producer of changes in the metropolitan environment”[2] (sociospatial perspective).
Criticism
However, this conceptual integration of society into urbanity does not always well reflect the new levels of social density that will be reached and that may change urban cultures. New urbanism does not
- respect the foundations for the perception of insecurity and fear by the citizens.
- It follows some sort of physical determinism: Social behaviour cannot be directed by physical design: “Residents of communities do not behave in certain ways simply because well-known architects direct them to do so.”[3]
- Design can impact (anti-social/criminal) behaviour in a positive or negative way;
- Design can impact social behaviour and reactions to threats and risks;
- Social behaviour cannot be solely directed by design – it depends on socio-cultural roots, security/risk culture, perceptions etc.
Approaches how to address it
- Consider social needs;
- Consider interactions of society with urban space;
- Involve citizens in planning projects (citizen participation);
- Integrate society into urban planning and into urbanity;
- Integrate approaches and findings from social sciences and humanities.
Related aspects
- Sociospatial perspective;
- Ecological perspective;
- Environmental psychology;
- Resilience, societal resilience;
- Perception of (in)security and the criticality of infrastructure.
Footnotes and references
- ↑ E.g. P. Calthorpe/W. Fulton: The Regional City: Planning for the End of the Sprawl. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001.
- ↑ Gottdiener, M./Hutchison, R. (2011): The New Urban Sociology. 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, p. 394.
- ↑ Gottdiener, M./Hutchison, R. (2011): The New Urban Sociology. 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview. p. 331.
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