Measures

Measures

This page is a placeholder for measures that need to be inserted in other pages

I. Target hardening. This situational crime prevention approach involves the use of devices or materials designed to obstruct the vandal by physical barriers:

1. Toughened glass (acrylic, polycarbon, etc.)
2. Latticework or screens to cover windows
3. Fire-retardant paint
4. High-impact plastic or steel fixtures
5. Hardened rubber or plastic swing seats
6. Concrete or steel picnic tables, benches, bleachers
7. Trash receptacles bolted to concrete bases
8. Rough-play-tolerant adventure playgrounds
9. Original planting of large-diameter trees
10. Slashproof transit vehicle seats
11. Steel-framed bus seats
12. Antigraffiti repellent spray on bus seats
13. Tamperproof sign hardware and fasteners
14. Door anchor hinges with nonremovable pins

II. Access control. This approach involves architectural features, mechanical and electronic devices, and related means for maintaining prerogatives over the ability to gain entry:

1. Key control systems
2. Locked gates, doors, windows
3. Electromagnetic doors unopenable from outside
4. Deadbolt and vertical-bolt locks
5. Metal door/window shutters
6. Protective grills over roof access openings
7. Fenced yards
8. Vertical metal or small-mesh (unclimbable) fencing
9. Reduced number of building entrances
10. Unclimbable trees/bushes planted next to building
11. Prickly bushes planted next to site to be protected
12. Sloped windowsills
13. Elimination of crank and gear window mechanisms
14. Steeply angled roofs with parapets and ridges
15. Use of guard dogs
16. Use of student photo identification
17. Partitioning off of selected areas during "downtime" hours
18. High curbs along areas to be protected

III. Deflecting offenders. This is the channeling of potentially criminal or aggressive behavior in more prosocial directions by means of architectural, equipment, and related alterations:

1. Graffiti boards, mural programs
2. Schools/studios to give graffiti writers exposure and recognition
3. Interesting wallpaper, daily newspaper, chalkboard on bathroom wall
4. Litter bins
5. Wash fountains and towel dispensers in school hallways
6. Steering of pathway circulation:

• Paving the shortest walk between connecting points
• Avoiding sharp changes in direction
• Paving natural shortcuts after demonstrated use
• Installing or landscaping traffic barriers (e.g., benches, bushes)

1. "Next step" posters on broken equipment

IV. Controlling facilitators. This is the alteration of the means to criminal or aggressive behavior by making such means less available, less accessible, or less potentially injurious:

1. Control over sales of spray paint and indelible markers
2. Removal of debris from construction/demolition sites
3. Removal of waste paper, rubbish, and other combustibles
4. Use of tamperproof screws
5. Placement of permanent signs, building names, and decorative hardware

out of reach from ground

1. Placement of school thermostats, fire alarms, and light switches far

from "hang-out" areas

V. Exit-entry screening. Instead of seeking to exclude potential perpetrators (as in access control), this set of tactics seeks to increase the likelihood of detecting persons who are not in conformity with entry requirements (entry screening) or detecting the attempted removal of objects that should not be removed from protected areas (exit screening):

1. Closed-circuit TV
2. Metal detectors
3. Vibration detectors
4. Motion detectors
5. Perimeter alarm system
6. Library book tags

VI. Formal surveillance. This is surveillance by police, guards, monitors, citizen groups, or other paid or volunteer security personnel:

1. Police, citizen, senior citizen, tenant, parent patrols
2. Neighborhood Watch, School Watch, Block Watch, Rail/Bus Watch

groups

1. Provision of on-site living quarters for citizens or security personnel

(e.g., "school sitters," "campground hosts")

1. Informant hotlines (e.g., "rat-on-a-rat program," "secret witness

program")

1. Crime Solvers Anonymous reward program
2. Mechanical, ultrasonic, infrared, electronic intruder alarm systems
3. Automatic fire detection systems
4. After-hours use of school public address system for monitoring

VII. Natural surveillance. This is surveillance provided by employees, home owners, pedestrians, and others going about their regular daily activities:

1. Community after-school use
2. Reduced teacher-student ratio
3. Increased number of employees (e.g., playground supervisors, bus

conductors, teachers)

1. Round-the-clock custodial staffing
2. Live-in custodian/caretaker
3. Distribution of faculty/staff offices throughout the school
4. Assignment of additional faculty/staff members to hall, cafeteria

duty

1. "Youth vacation vigil" student surveillance program
2. Use of bus/train employees to report vandalism on their routes
3. Improved exterior and interior lighting
4. Low trimming of shrubbery and plants

VIII. Target removal. This is the physical removal or enhanced inaccessibility of potential vandalism targets:

1. Use of graffiti dissuaders

• Teflon, plastic laminate, fiberglass, or melamine covering
• Rock cement, slanted siding, or deeply grooved surfaces
• "Paint-outs" or use of contrasting colors in patterned surfaces
• Fast-growing wall vines or shrubbery, or construction of wall

barriers

1. Removal of pay phones from high-loitering areas
2. Removal of corner bus seats, hidden from driver's view
3. Removal of outside plant bulbs
4. Windowless school or other buildings
5. Omission of ground-level windows
6. Concealed school door closers
7. Concealed pipework
8. Fittings moved out of reach (e.g., from wall to ceiling)
9. Signs/fixtures made flush with wall or ceiling
10. Key-controlled light fixtures in public areas
11. Removal of (or no replanting of) easily damaged trees/bushes

IX. Identifying property. This is the physical identification marking of potential vandalism targets:

1. Property marking with school district identification
2. Property marking with business logo
3. Property marking with identification seals
4. Property marking with organization stencil
5. Property marking with individual's Social Security number

X. Removing inducements. This is the physical alteration of potential vandalism targets:

1. Rapid repair of damaged property
2. Rapid removal of graffiti
3. Use of small windowpanes
4. Elimination of school washroom and toilet stall doors
5. Elimination of bars over toilet stall doorways
6. School restroom thermostats kept at 62°F
7. Removal of gates and fences
8. Repainting of playground equipment in bright colors
9. Beautification programs (e.g., landscaping, painting, maintenance)

XL Rule setting. This is the making of explicit prior statements about acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, as well as about penalties for noncompliance:

1. Model "hate crime" bill
2. Antivandalism laws
3. Building design specifications
4. Building security codes
5. Parental liability statutes
6. Prohibition of sale of spray paint and indelible markers
7. Codes of rights and responsibilities
8. School rules of student conduct
9. Rigorous, irregular, no-warning fire drills

XII. Education. These are direct efforts to dissuade potential and actual vandals by informing them about vandalism costs, consequences, and alternatives:

1. Vandalism education programs
2. Arson education programs
3. Vandalism awareness walks
4. Vandalism case study classroom discussions
5. Classroom brainstorming on vandalism reduction
6. Year-round education
7. Student orientation handbook and meetings
8. Multicultural sensitivity training
9. Antivandalism lectures by older students to younger ones
10. Antivandalism films
11. Antivandalism games
12. Antivandalism slide or tape program
13. Antivandalism brochures
14. "Ride with pride" antivandalism transit program

XIII. Publicity. These are indirect efforts to inform potential and actual vandals, as well as the general public, about vandalism costs, consequences, and alternatives:

1. Antivandalism advertising
2. Antivandalism news releases
3. Milk carton/grocery bag antivandalism messages
4. Antivandalism decals on mass transit vehicles
5. Antivandalism slogan contests
6. "Sign amnesty" day (a day of no fines or other penalties for those

who return stolen signs)

1. "Help the playground" campaigns
2. Antivandalism buttons, T-shirts, rulers, bookmarks, posters

XIV. Punishment. These are negative experiences directed to perpetrators consequent to their vandaiistic behavior:

1. Suspension from school
2. Monetary fines
3. Restitution
4. Student vandalism account
5. Group billing for residence hall damage

XV. Counseling. These are remedial experiences directed to perpetrators consequent to their vandaiistic behavior:

1. Student counseling programs
2. Conflict negotiation skills training
3. Moral reasoning training
4. Interpersonal skills training
5. Aggression replacement training
6. Behavior modification treatment for arson

• Stimulus satiation
• Contingency management
• Assertion training

XVI. Involvement. These are efforts to increase the sense of involvement with and ownership of potential vandalism targets:

1. Encouraging students in residence halls to personalize (paint, furnish) their rooms
2. Permitting students in residence halls to retain same room several

semesters

1. Student participation in school decision making
2. School administration collaboration with student organizations
3. School-home collaboration
4. Hiring of unemployed youths as subway vandalism inspectors
5. "Adopt-a-station" antivandalism program

XVII. Organizational climate. These are procedures for enhancing the quality of the potential or actual vandal's social/educational/daily living context:

1. Teacher/staff approval/reward for student prosocial behaviors
2. Teacher respect toward students
3. Teacher/parent modeling of respect for others and for property
4. Regular, visible presence of school principal
5. Involvement of school principal in community activities
6. School curriculum revision
7. Improved student-custodian relationships
8. Improved school-community relationships
9. Reorganization of large schools into schools-within-a-school or

house plans

MAP

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