Measure type: Physical measures

Physical measures could be used for controlling access, impeding an attack or protective materials.

The following chart includes various Physical solutions that can be implemented as event driven-measures to mediate the risk of a high-impact crime (such as a terrorist attack) at an event in a designated area. These are examples derived from the PRoTECT project.

Tech description	Threat type	Threat phase	Tech use	Tech criteria
Influence attacker physically (for example, intimidate, Less Lethal Weapons (sound, vision))	all	Execution	Respond / restrict	Readiness / Performance
Physical barriers that are flexible or permanent	Vehicle attack	Pre-attack preparations	Protect	Readiness / performance
Urban layout with bollards, planters, et cetera	Vehicle, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Other: impact, architectural looks
Reduce the loading on a building by using landscape design	VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Cost and other: effectiveness
Design of roads to prevent the impact of vehicles with a high speed	Vehicle, VBIED attack	Execution / Post-Attack/Escape	Protect	n/a
Prevent crowded places with environment design	all	Execution	Protect	n/a
Temporary measures – vehicle barriers, checkpoint, road block	Vehicle, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Physical, cost and other: impact on normal operations
Permanent measures – security gate, (blast resistant) fencing, bollards….	Vehicle, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Physical, cost and other: impact on normal operations
Façade design (include the window and door anchors)	IED, PBIED, UAVIED, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Physical / cost
Explosion resistant glazing	IED, PBIED, UAVIED, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Physical / cost
Bullet proof glazing	Fire arms attack	Execution	Protect	Physical / cost
Prevent progressive collapse	IED, PBIED, UAVIED, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Physical / cost
Prevent roof objects like lightning, panels to fall on the people	IED, PBIED, UAVIED, VBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Physical / cost
Provide a safe place for shelter	Fire arms, sharp object attack	Execution	Protect	Physical / cost
Products to mitigate or reduce the explosion effects like blast container (place them around the threat) to isolate the threat	IED, PBIED attack	Execution	Protect	Other: (It might be effective to protect the surrounding, but also has side effects. E.g. additional risk for EOD)
Personal protection (vest, helmet, gear) to the first responders and security personnel	Fire arms, sharp object attack	Pre-attack preparations / Execution	Respond	Physical / cost / performance
Bomb suit (Explosive ordnance) of the first responders and security personnel	IED, PBIED, UAVIED, VBIED attack	Execution / Post-Attack/Escape	Respond	Physical / performance

In the first column, under 'Tech description', technological solutions are listed.

The next column indicates which 'Threat types' can be mitigated with these technological solutions:

1. Fire arms attack - small calibre pistol or semi/full-automatic rifle;
2. Sharp object attack - knifes, machete, other sharp and blunt objects;
3. Vehicle attack - use of vehicle as a weapon by ramming large crowds;
4. IED (explosives) - left/concealed in objects or goods (based on home-made or commercial explosives);
5. PBIED (explosives) - explosives concealed on a person (suicide or carrier);
6. UAVIED (explosives) - explosives delivered by a remote-controlled airborne device;
7. VBIED (explosives) - explosives concealed inside a vehicle (or its cargo);
8. Chemical attack - threat object concealed in goods or carried items (e.g. canister or UAV dispensed);
9. Biological attack - threat object concealed in goods or carried items (e.g. canister or UAV dispensed);
10. Radiological attack - threat object concealed in goods or carried items (e.g. canister or UAV dispensed).

The 'Threat phase' column states in which phase of the attack the technological solution has the most effect:

1. Initial Target Identification (before the attack);
2. Operational Planning (before the attack);
3. Pre-Attack Preparation (before the attack);
4. Execution (during the attack);
5. Post-Attack/Escape (after the attack).

Finally, the 'Tech use' column states the appertaining security function of the technological solution:

1. Alert - used for alerting public (e.g. sirens, texting service);
2. Surveil - used for situational awareness (e.g. cameras, social media tools);
3. Respond - used for responding to an attack (e.g. security personnel, non-lethal weapons);
4. Protect - used to protect assets (people, buildings, infrastructure);
5. Detect - used for detecting a weapon or weapon use (e.g. entry scanning equipment);
6. Overcome - used for overcoming a sudden vulnerability (e.g. extra concertina wire);
7. Improvise - created on the spot from available means (e.g. use police vehicle as a road block);
8. Restrict - used for restricting public access (e.g. safety barriers);
9. Adapt - used for changing circumstances (e.g. moving assets to a safer location);
10. Other.

Other measure types are:

• ICT
• Sensors
• Actuators
• Methods