Economic effects of crime
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Economic effects of crime
The identification and the estimation of the costs of crime have received broad attention in economic literature and research, but the economic effect(s) and impact of crime on society is still an underexposed field of interest. Key figures of societal and economic impact of crime are difficult to identify, although it is widely understood that crime can affect the local, regional and national economy.
In essence, the economic effects of (both terrorism and) crime are the opposite of the positive economic effects of urban development (or spatial development). The successful burglary of a dwelling house or commercial building, for example, will not only lead to the loss of goods, but also affects (accumulated) the local, regional (and sometimes even national) economy through the decrease of property value and direct investments, uncertainty and fear of crime. This relationship is illustrated below:
File:Economics of crime.png
Figure: Illustration of relationship between a security threat and the urban object/environment
Primary economic effects of crime
In general, approaches to estimate the direct impact of crime focus on three levels:
- Costs in anticipation of crime: mainly costs of precaution measures to avoid crime such as locks, alarm prevention programs and surveillance.
- Costs as a consequence of crime: for instance, loss of property, medical and health care costs, victim support etc.
- Costs in response to crime: costs considering police, prosecution, court proceedings, sanctions etc.The identification and the estimation of the costs of crime is undertaken by several scientific researchers.
Micro-economic impact
On a micro-economic level, crime influences three categories of economic actors Public authorities aim to prevent, detect, persecute, trial and punish criminals. Moreover, crime also influences the behaviour of individual households and private enterprises, as a (potential) victim, but also as supplier of community and civil protection services (think of security guards, neighbourhood watches and insurance companies).
How much crime is there?
One of the most important difficulties with mapping the economic effects of crime is the fact that only a fraction of all offences committed are known. Especially offences that don’t involve victims are only known if they are detected by public authorities/the police. Researchers developed several methods such as the use of assumptions, multipliers and specific statistical techniques to deal with this issue, but it remains difficult to include all effects, because one should also include effects on the change in behaviour, mental health (including production loss due to emotional damage) and the harm done to the social environment of the victim and criminal offender .
A Dutch economic research agency estimated the number of criminal offences committed in the Netherlands in 2005 (see table below):
| Category of crime | Number of offences | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Murder and manslaughter | 174 | 0.001% |
| Sexual offences | 181,000 | 1.5% |
| Property crimes | 6,089,000 | 52.0% |
| Assault & battery | 254,000 | 2.2% |
| Threats | 867,000 | 7,4% |
| Vandalism and public order | 3,020,000 | 25.8% |
| Traffic offences | 753,000 | 6.4% |
| Economic offences | 81,000 | 0.7% |
| Drug offences | 382,000 | 3.3% |
| Other offences | 82,000 | 0.7% |
| Total | 11,709,174 | 100% |
Source: SEO (2005)
Although the table above is illustrating the situation in the Netherlands, the relative ratios of the serious offences (such as manslaughter and sexual offences) versus the by far more common property crimes and vandalism are also applicable to other EU-countries.
Primary economic impact at an individual household level
- Costs of preventive measures
- Costs of being a victim
- Costs due to behavioural changes due to fear of victimization
- Production loss due to emotional damage
- Use of mental healthcare
- Harm to offender’s and victim’s family, friends and acquaintances
Primary economic impact of crime on businesses and firms
Primary economic impact of crime on the public authorities =
Secondary economic impact of crime
The identification and the estimation of the costs of crime is undertaken by several scientific researchers. Moolenaar (2005)[1], for example, estimated the total costs of crime in The Netherlands to be 20 billion euro in 2004; approximately 4.1 percent of the GDP. There is, however, a wide variation of estimations of the total direct costs of crime between countries. The table illustrates a brief, non-comprehensive, list of direct costs of crime for several countries:
| Country | Year | Direct economic impact of crime |
|---|---|---|
| The Netherlands | 2004 | 4.1% of the GDP |
| Wales and England | 2000 | 6.5% of the GDP |
| United States | 1999 | 11.9% of the GDP |
WORK IN PROGRESS
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