Economic

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Economic

The economic dimension of urban planning is one of the core dimensions of urban planning and deals with the economic functioning of urban objects and the related impact of urban development and security threats (including security measures).

Description

Urban objects such as residential buildings, industry, utility facilities, roads, etc. do not merely have a directly related function such as housing, commercial, mobility, safety, but also have an 'economic function' in terms of the impact on the urban environment. An urban development of residential houses, for example, will not just house people, but will also generate an economic impact in terms of real estate value, jobs for local retaillers and cleaning services, and expenses for local governments in terms of necessary infrastructure, schools, public services, etc. This relationship between urban objects and economic output (in terms of jobs and income), made an increasing amount of urban planners believe in the potential contribution of the planning system to maximize the net welfare of society with the help of appropriate policy measures that influence the delivery of a more attractive, competitive and successful urban area[1].

In addition to the 'economic function' of urban objects, security issues can also be considered in economic terms.


to maximize the net welfare of society with the help of appropriate policy measures that influence the delivery of a more attractive, competitive and successful urban area[1]. Moreover, the increasing population in cities places more and more pressure on the development of land and has lead to the consolidation of the urban core. And, although this has led to a strengthening of the economic and social functions of the cities and surrounding areas, urban planners are at the same time forced to recognize the increasing threats caused by security threats that can have a devastating impact on the economic and social functioning of the urban area[1].




As a result, security threats due to crime and terrorism (but also natural hazards) will not only have an impact on the direct function of an urban object, but also generate economic impact due to a change in the economic functioning of an urban object and its environment.

In addition, security issues (crime & terrorism) lead to security measures

security threats (crime & terrorism) lead to (negative) direct and indirect economic impact on a local, regional and national level.

  1. On top of that, security measures take to prevent crime and terrorism lead to investment costs and to secondary economic effects (e.g, the longer waiting lines at airports due to the upgraded security measures since 9/11). These effects are called: "economic effects of security measures".
  2. Finally, security measures influence the behaviour of criminals and terrorists due to the process of crime displacement and crime diffusion (the economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour).



The costs and effects of crime touch just about everyone to some degree. The ultimate cost of crime is the loss of life, but other major costs to victims of crime include medical costs, property losses, and loss of income. After a big terrorist event, one can read frequently about the economic damage of the event on the local economy such as after the London Bombings in 2005 or the September 11 attacks in New York. Due to the significant costs and effects of terrorism, knowledge about this theme is of major relevance for any urban planner. Put differently, the economic impact of security threats (crime & terrorism) can be significant and explains why economists and related scholars increasingly analyzed the economic impact of crime and terrorism.



Relevance of the economic dimension in an urban planning context

An increasing amount of urban planners believe in the potential contribution of the planning system to maximize the net welfare of society with the help of appropriate policy measures that influence the delivery of a more attractive, competitive and successful urban area[1]. Moreover, the increasing population in cities places more and more pressure on the development of land and has lead to the consolidation of the urban core. And, although this has led to a strengthening of the economic and social functions of the cities and surrounding areas, urban planners are at the same time forced to recognize the increasing threats caused by security threats that can have a devastating impact on the economic and social functioning of the urban area[1].

The economic dimension of security aspects in urban planning

There is also an economic dimension to the security issues addressed in Securipedia.


This relevance can be summarised in three ways:

  1. First of all, security threats (crime & terrorism) lead to (negative) direct and indirect economic impact on a local, regional and national level.
  2. On top of that, security measures take to prevent crime and terrorism lead to investment costs and to secondary economic effects (e.g, the longer waiting lines at airports due to the upgraded security measures since 9/11). These effects are called: "economic effects of security measures".
  3. Finally, security measures influence the behaviour of criminals and terrorists due to the process of crime displacement and crime diffusion (the economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour).







Urban objects such as residential buildings, industry, utility facilities, roads, etc. do not merely have a directly related function such as housing, commercial, mobility, safety, but also have an economic function. A residential area, for example, will not just house people, but will also generate economic effects (economic impact) such as real estate value, jobs for local retaillers and cleaning services, and expenses for local governments in terms of necessary infrastructure, schools, public services, etc.

As a result of the economic function of urban objects, threats such as crime and terrorism (but also natural hazards), not only have an impact on the direct function of an urban object, but also on the (more indirect) economic function of the specific urban object and its environment. In Securipedia we refer to this phenomenon as the "economic impact of security threats". Subsequently, possible (security) measures such as surveillance, CCTV, preventive, locks, etc., will not only cost money, but will also generate secondary economic effects (for example the salaries of security guards, waiting lines at airports, etc.), together referred to as the economic impact of security measures.

To estimate the above mentioned economic impact of existing or newly developed urban objects/environments, threats and measures, economists use several economic tools that measure the economic output such as business output, wealth, total employment, etc. (the measurable part of economic effects).

Related subjects

Footnotes and references

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Source: DHP. End user requirement report (D1.1) VITRUV. Moreover, the increasing population in cities places more and more pressure on the development of land and has lead to the consolidation of the urban core. And, although this has led to a strengthening of the economic and social functions of the cities and surrounding areas, urban planners are at the same time forced to recognize the increasing threats caused by security threats that can have a devastating impact on the economic and social functioning of the urban area. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "D1.1" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "D1.1" defined multiple times with different content

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