Citizen participation

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Citizen participation

Types of citizen participation for use in urban planning consultation processes.[1]

Type of participation Concept
Information
  • Citizens are informed about their rights, responsibilities and options
  • One-way communication, even if the information is provided at the request of stakeholders
  • Does not involve channels to provide feedback or enter into negotiations
  • Information is provided through channels that are accessible to all members of the community
Consultation
  • Two-way communication, where stakeholders have an opportunity to voice suggestions and concerns
  • Does not offer any assurance that stakeholders’ ideas and opinions will be used at all or as they intended
  • Usually conducted through meetings chaired by a person representing various levels of government or their bodies
Consensus building
  • Stakeholders interaction in order to understand each other and arrive at negotiated positions that are acceptable for the whole group
  • However, vulnerable individuals and groups often tend to remain silent or passively agree to negotiated solutions
  • Strategies should be employed to ensure that the opinions of men and women are equally considered, especially in this phase
Decision-making
  • An expression of both power and responsibilities for outcomes that may result
  • Negotiations at this stage reflect the different degrees of commitment exercised by individuals and groups
Risk-sharing
  • Collective actions result in a mix of beneficial, harmful and neutral consequences that are equally shared by all partners
  • Accountability is fundamental at this stage
Partnership
  • Sharing among stakeholders with similar, equal status and towards a common goal
Self-management
  • Highest level of participatory efforts
  • Stakeholders take full responsibility for projects that affect them directly and are willing to learn how to conduct the process from beginning to end

References

  1. XXX

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