Difference between revisions of "Security issue: Graffiti"
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===Economic impacts=== |
===Economic impacts=== |
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| − | As a form of vandalism, graffiti leads to considerable costs in anticipation of the crime (security and insurance costs), as a consequence (clean up costs for owners and public agencies) and in response to the crime (the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, trial etc.). |
+ | As a form of vandalism, graffiti leads to considerable costs in anticipation of the crime (security and insurance costs), as a consequence (clean up costs for owners and public agencies) and in response to the crime (the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, trial etc.). The costs to repair, replace, and clean up property defaced by graffiti are paid for by the communities, private property owners, small business and public agencies<ref>Graffiti Hurts Australia (2008). http://www.graffitihurts.com.au/cost.php</ref>. |
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| − | The costs to repair, replace, and clean up property defaced by graffiti are paid for by the communities, private property owners, small business and public agencies<ref>Graffiti Hurts Australia (2008). http://www.graffitihurts.com.au/cost.php</ref>. |
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Moreover, the presence of graffiti can trigger secondary economic impacts. Several studies found that criminal offences such as vandalism and graffiti (also) have a significant negative impact on real estate prices <ref>See Gibbons, S. (2004). The costs of urban property crime. ''The Economic Journal'', 114 (499). ISSN 0013-0133.</ref>. |
Moreover, the presence of graffiti can trigger secondary economic impacts. Several studies found that criminal offences such as vandalism and graffiti (also) have a significant negative impact on real estate prices <ref>See Gibbons, S. (2004). The costs of urban property crime. ''The Economic Journal'', 114 (499). ISSN 0013-0133.</ref>. |
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Revision as of 15:56, 30 November 2012
Contents
Security issue: Graffiti
Grafitti is the defacement of property by means of writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed on a surface in a public place without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control.
Description
Motives for grafitti are various and the type of grafitti varies with the motives. A classification of types of grafitti with the associated features is presented in http://www.popcenter.org/problems/graffiti/. This classification is presented in the table below.
| Types of Graffiti and Associated Motives | ||
| Type of Graffiti | Features | Motives |
| Gang[1] | Gang name or symbol, including hand signs Gang member name(s) or nickname(s), or sometimes a roll-call listing of members Numbers[2] Distinctive, stylized alphabets[3] Key visible locations Enemy names and symbols, or allies' names | Mark turf Threaten violence Boast of achievements Honor the slain Insult/taunt other gangs |
| Common Tagger[4] | High-volume, accessible locations High-visibility, hard-to-reach locations May be stylized but simple name or nickname tag or symbols[5] Tenacious (keep retagging) | Notoriety or prestige Defiance of authority |
| Artistic Tagger | Colorful and complex pictures known as masterpieces or pieces | Artistic Prestige or recognition |
| Conventional Graffiti: Spontaneous | Sporadic episodes or isolated incidents | Play Rite of passage Excitement Impulsive |
| Conventional Graffiti: Malicious or Vindictive | Sporadic, isolated or systematic incidents | Anger Boredom Resentment Failure Despair |
| Ideological | Offensive content or symbols Racial, ethnic or religious slurs Specific targets, such as synagogues Highly legible Slogans | Anger Hate Political Hostility Defiance |
Attributing circumstances
- Other grafitti or deterioration
- Vulnerable objects
- transportation systems
- highly visible surfaces (also mobile targets, such as buses or trains!)
- blank surfaces
- light coloured surface
- large and plain surfaces
- reachable surfaces[6]
- Absence of apparent ownership
- Poor lighting
- Little surveillance/oversight
- Close to gang activity
- Male youth
Impacts
- Social
- Financial
Social impacts
Known social impacts of "graffitism" include changing citzens perception of (in)security and fear of crime. This usually happens in a way that has an effect on the gap between "felt" and "factual" secuirty, since individuals tend to make - correct or incorret - reasoning on societal security as a whole based on immediate environmentla clues. This is known as the "broken glass phenomenon".
Economic impacts
As a form of vandalism, graffiti leads to considerable costs in anticipation of the crime (security and insurance costs), as a consequence (clean up costs for owners and public agencies) and in response to the crime (the costs of detection and prevention, persecution, trial etc.). The costs to repair, replace, and clean up property defaced by graffiti are paid for by the communities, private property owners, small business and public agencies[7].
Moreover, the presence of graffiti can trigger secondary economic impacts. Several studies found that criminal offences such as vandalism and graffiti (also) have a significant negative impact on real estate prices [8].
Measures
- Rapid cleaning
- Anti-grafitti coating
- Surveillance/reaction force
- Non flat, dark or colourful surfaces
- Controlling access to vulnerable surfaces
- Electronic detection
Footnotes and references
- ↑ Copycat graffiti looks like gang graffiti, and may be the work of gang wanna-bes or youths seeking excitement.
- ↑ Offenders commonly use numbers as code in gang graffiti. A number may represent the corresponding position in the alphabet (e.g., 13 = M, for the Mexican Mafia), or represent a penal or police radio code.
- ↑ Stylized alphabets include bubble letters, block letters, backwards letters, and Old English script.
- ↑ Tagbangers, a derivative of tagging crews and gangs, are characterized by competition with other crews. Thus crossedout tags are features of their graffiti.
- ↑ The single-line writing of a name is usually known as a tag, while slightly more complex tags, including those with two colors or bubble letters, are known as throw-ups.
- ↑ although hard-to-reach surfaces, such as motorway cross-overs might be regarded as attractive challenges
- ↑ Graffiti Hurts Australia (2008). http://www.graffitihurts.com.au/cost.php
- ↑ See Gibbons, S. (2004). The costs of urban property crime. The Economic Journal, 114 (499). ISSN 0013-0133.
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