Difference between revisions of "Safety and Security"
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[[Category:Threat]] |
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| + | [[File:t.png|25px|right|This page provides information about content and use of the Vitruv tools]]'''Safety and security''' are two concepts that both indicate the level of protection against [[risk]]. |
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| + | ==Description== |
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| − | = {{PAGENAME}} = |
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| − | + | Although safety and security are terms that describe a ''state'', they can also be used to describe a ''form of protection'' (the actions or measures taken to improve that state). |
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| − | == |
+ | ===Distinction between safety and security=== |
| − | The distinction between [[safety]] and [[security]] lies in the type of threat that is at the source of the risk. While security concerns risk due to human intent, safety concerns all other risk. |
+ | [[File:hard_hat.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A hard hat, a typical safety measure against accidents]][[File:Locks.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Locks, a typical security measure against wilful acts]]The distinction between [[safety]] and [[security]] lies in the type of threat that is at the source of the risk. While security concerns risk due to [[human intent]] (wilful harmful acts), safety concerns all other risk. Shortly put, safety concerns protection from ''accidents'', security concerns protection from ''crime''. |
| + | This means that whether a measure is a security measure or a safety measure, depends on the type of risk it is ''meant'' to mitigate. A reinforced window for example can be both: |
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| − | * When installed to prevent harm coming to the inhabitants coming from a gas tank accidently exploding, it would be a safety measure. |
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| − | * When installed to protect the inhabitants from terrorist explosions, it would be a security measure. |
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| + | *When installed to prevent harm coming to the inhabitants coming from a gas tank accidentally exploding, it would be a safety measure. |
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| − | A measure can also serve as a security and a safety measure at the same time. An example can be found in a door: the fire-delaying properties of the door might serve as a safety measure while the fact that is locked for unauthorised entry is a security measure. |
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| + | *When installed to protect the inhabitants from terrorist explosions, it would be a security measure. |
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| + | A measure can also serve as a security and a safety measure at the same time. An example can be found in a door: the fire-delaying properties of the door might serve as a safety measure while the fact that it is protecting against unauthorised entry is a security measure. |
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| − | == Entry points for safety and security == |
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| − | * Aspects of [[risk]] ([[probability]], [[vulnerability]], [[impact]]) |
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| − | * Safety aspects |
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| − | * Security aspects, crime |
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| − | * Social impacts of risk |
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| − | * Risk determination and risk assessment methods - Securban |
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| − | * Security issues |
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| + | ==Entry points for safety and security== |
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| − | '''Security''' is the degree or act of protection of persons or [[asset|assets]] against [[risk]] stemming from the threat type [[human intent]]. The distinction between security and safety is explained in [[safety#Differences between safety and security|differences between safety and security]]. |
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| + | *Constituent elements of [[risk]]: |
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| − | ==Security in the urban environment== |
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| + | **[[Likelihood]] |
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| − | Security concerns harm done by persons by wilful action. As these actions are generally prohibited by law, these actions constitute [[crime|crimes]]. Security threats can therefore be classified by crime type. Further threats to urban security are intentional threats, such as [[urban terrorism]], organized [[crime]] and cyber attacks). Disasters, such as man made disasters (e.g. [[technical failure]] and industrial accidents), and [[Natural threat|natural hazard events]] (e.g. flooding, storms, earthquakes etc.) also pose security threats to urban environments. |
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| + | **[[Vulnerability]] |
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| − | |||
| + | **[[Impact]] |
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| − | ==Crime types== |
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| + | *Sources of risk ([[Threat]]s) |
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| − | A uniform classification of crime that is generally accepted does not exist. In the EU, member countries are obliged to report crime statistics in their country annually. Although countries will use their own systems and classifications, they report their figures according to the classification used for these statistics which distinguishes between the following crime types: |
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| + | **[[Safety|Safety threats]] |
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| − | * Homicide<ref>Definition: This is defined as intentional killing of a person, including murder, manslaughter, euthanasia and infanticide. Causing death by dangerous driving is excluded, as are abortion and help with suicide. Attempted (uncompleted) homicide is also excluded. The counting unit for homicide is normally the victim (rather than the case).</ref>, |
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| + | **[[Security|Security threats]] |
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| − | * Drug trafficking<ref>Definition:This is defined as the illegal possession, cultivation, production, supplying, transportation, importing, exporting, financing etc. of drug operations which are not solely in connection with personal use.</ref>, |
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| + | ***[[Security issues|Security issues for the urban planner]] |
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| − | * Robbery<ref>Robbery is a sub-set of violent crime. It is defined as stealing from a person with force or threat of force, including muggings (bag-snatching) and theft with violence. Pick-pocketing, extortion and blackmailing are generally not included.</ref>, |
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| + | ***[[Security issues for Law Enforcement Agencies]] |
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| − | * Motor vehicle theft<ref>Motor vehicles include all land vehicles with an engine that run on the road which are used to carry people (including cars, motor cycles, buses, lorries, construction and agricultural vehicles, etc.).</ref>, |
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| + | ***[[Crime]] |
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| − | * Domestic burglary<ref>Domestic burglary is defined as gaining access to a dwelling by the use of force to steal goods.</ref> and |
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| + | ***[[Terrorism]] |
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| − | * Violent crime<ref>This includes violence against the person (such as physical assault), robbery (stealing by force or by threat of force), and sexual offences (including rape and sexual assault).</ref>. |
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| + | *Measures |
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| − | |||
| + | **[[Measures|Types of measures]] against risk and their categorisation |
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| − | An indication of the relative size of these crime types and their development through the years is given in the next figure <ref>Derived from [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=crim_gen&language=en&mode=view Eurostat crime statistics database] "Crim_gen"</ref>. |
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| + | **Effectiveness of measure types can be found on each of the measure type pages |
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| − | [[File:crimestatseu.png|thumb|right|400px|'''Crimetype statistics in the EU''']] |
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| + | *[[Security#Relevance of security for the urban planner |Relevance of safety and security to the Urban Planner]] |
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| − | |||
| + | *[[Risk#Objective and subjective risk|Objective and subjective risk]] |
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| − | This classification does not cover all types of crime and does not contain only mutually exclusive classes (robbery is defined as a type of violent crime).<br /> |
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| + | *Urban risk, threat/hazard determination and risk assessment methods |
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| − | |||
| + | **[[Concept level tools#Risk Assessment tool (SecuRbAn)|Securban]] |
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| − | A classification that is developed<ref>Developed in the [http://www.securehaven.nl/ Secure haven project (in Dutch)] and adapted for use in the [[concept tool#the risk assessment tool|risk assessment tool]] and this wiki.</ref> for use in the urban environment that the types of crime most relevant to urban design, is based on the motivation of perpetrators: |
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| − | |||
| − | <imagemap> |
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| − | Image:Clip image004.png|thumb|right|400px|'''Classification of crimetypes''' |
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| − | rect 41 30 202 81 [[Thief|Thieves]] |
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| − | rect 269 30 462 84 [[Vandal|Vandals]] |
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| − | rect 509 27 704 84 [[Rioter|Rioters]] |
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| − | rect 754 28 947 84 [[Fanatic|Fanatics]] |
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| − | rect 40 197 196 226 [[Thief#Burglars|Burglars]] |
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| − | rect 40 225 195 253 [[Thief#Robbers|Robbers]] |
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| − | rect 41 253 193 285 [[Thief#Extortionists|Extortionists]] |
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| − | rect 44 286 193 312 [[Thief#Frauds|Frauds]] |
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| − | rect 277 227 454 255 [[Vandal#Property vandals|Property vandals]] |
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| − | rect 278 255 454 283 [[Vandal#Person vandals|Person vandals]] |
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| − | rect 521 227 692 254 [[Rioter#Protester|Protester]] |
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| − | rect 521 254 693 282 [[Rioter#Hooligan|Hooligans]] |
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| − | rect 758 213 945 241 [[Fanatic#Religious fanatic|Religious fanatic]] |
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| − | rect 764 240 946 268 [[Fanatic#Ethnic fanatics|Ethnic fanatics]] |
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| − | rect 763 267 946 298 [[Fanatic#Cultural fanatics|Cultural fanatics]] |
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| − | desc bottom-left |
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| − | </imagemap> |
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| − | The first category of criminals ('''[[Thief|thieves]]''') is motivated by financial gain. They can be subdivided into: |
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| − | * [[Thief#Burglars|Burglars]], who gain wealth by illicitly entering buildings, |
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| − | * [[Thief#Robbers|Robbers]], who gain wealth by force of threat. |
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| − | * [[Thief#Extortionists|Extortionists]], who gain wealth by use of coercion and |
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| − | * [[Thief#Frauds|Frauds]], who gain wealth by intentional deception |
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| − | The second category of criminal ('''[[vandal|vandals]]''') is motivated by amusement (such as bored youth bothering passers-by) or by compulsive behaviour (such as pyromaniacs). They can be sub divided into: |
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| − | * [[vandal#property vandal|Property vandals]], who seek damage or destruction of property, and |
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| − | * [[vandal#person vandal|Person vandals]], who assaults other people physically or mentally. |
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| − | |||
| − | The third category ('''[[rioter|rioters]]''') is motivated by impulse, often under group pressure, often in a situation with a high level of excitement or arousal. Two subtypes of rioters are: |
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| − | * [[rioter#protester|Protesters]] and |
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| − | * [[rioter#hooligan|Hooligans]]. |
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| − | The fourth and last category is motivated by conflict in beliefs ('''[[fanatic|fanatics]]''') and tries to impose rules or beliefs upon others by use of coercion. The level of coercion can vary a great deal, ranging from mental abuse to mass killing. Subtypes of fanatics are: |
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| − | * [[fanatic#religious fanatics|Religious fanatics]], who try to impose religious beliefs or religious rules |
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| − | * [[fanatic#ethnic fanatics|Ethnic fanatics]], who coerce specific ethnic groups and |
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| − | * [[fanatic#cultural fanatics|Cultural fanatics]], who try to impose cultural beliefs (for example about animal welfare in the fur industry, globalism or conservationism) upon others. |
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| − | |||
| − | == Security as a public good == |
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| − | From the political and public administration point of view, security is often coceived of as a public good. This means in particular that |
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| − | # it rests on commonly acquired values. Those values can be material (captial, infrastrucuture, utilites, etc.) or immaterial ([[Security culture|security culture]], sense of community, etc.) |
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| − | # it is commonly produced. This includes public-private partnershios as well as [[Citizen participation|citizen participation]] and ownership (see [[Civic culture|civic culture]]); |
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| − | # nobody should be a priori exempt from its consumption. |
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| − | It is therefore important to reconcile the idea of security with that of [[Community safety|community]].<ref>I. Loader/N. Walker: Civilizing Security. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press, 2007. </ref> This can be done, for example, by including the concept of [[Security culture|security culture]] into concepts for urban planning. |
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| − | Critics have reprimanded any "clubbing of private security", which in their view contributes to the deconstruction of security as a public good, to the benefit of a short-sighted approach of mere physical risk reduction.<ref>T. Hope: Crime victimisation and inequality in risk society. In: R. Matthews/J. Pitts: Crime, Disorder and Community Safety. A New Agenda? London/New York: Routledge, 2001, p. 216.</ref> This includes scepticism of approaches to urban planning such as the [["designing out" approach]], as well as any production of security by use of exclusionary practices.<ref>G. Hughes: The Politics of Crime and Community. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007.</ref> |
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| − | {{references}} |
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| − | = MAP = |
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| − | website=http://securipedia.eu/cool/index.php?concept=Safety and Security |
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Latest revision as of 13:04, 4 September 2020
Safety and security are two concepts that both indicate the level of protection against risk.
Description
Although safety and security are terms that describe a state, they can also be used to describe a form of protection (the actions or measures taken to improve that state).
Distinction between safety and security
The distinction between safety and security lies in the type of threat that is at the source of the risk. While security concerns risk due to human intent (wilful harmful acts), safety concerns all other risk. Shortly put, safety concerns protection from accidents, security concerns protection from crime.
This means that whether a measure is a security measure or a safety measure, depends on the type of risk it is meant to mitigate. A reinforced window for example can be both:
- When installed to prevent harm coming to the inhabitants coming from a gas tank accidentally exploding, it would be a safety measure.
- When installed to protect the inhabitants from terrorist explosions, it would be a security measure.
A measure can also serve as a security and a safety measure at the same time. An example can be found in a door: the fire-delaying properties of the door might serve as a safety measure while the fact that it is protecting against unauthorised entry is a security measure.
Entry points for safety and security
- Constituent elements of risk:
- Sources of risk (Threats)
- Measures
- Types of measures against risk and their categorisation
- Effectiveness of measure types can be found on each of the measure type pages
- Relevance of safety and security to the Urban Planner
- Objective and subjective risk
- Urban risk, threat/hazard determination and risk assessment methods
