Difference between revisions of "Resilience"
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| + | [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Resilience''' is the degree to which the functioning of a system is unperturbed by incidents, either by resisting damage and/or recovering quickly. |
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| − | [[Category:Social]] |
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| − | [[Category:Urban environment]] |
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| + | ==Description== |
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| − | =Resilience= |
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| + | The concept of resilience applies to all systems of society (or aspects that can be viewed as a system), if its functioning can be evaluated. As such, the term gained an important role in the field of protection of [[Critical infrastructure]]. |
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| + | Resilience is related to the concept of [[Vulnerability]], in the sense that lowering vulnerability will most likely increase resilience and to the [[Crisis management cycle]] that, through a process of constant improvement, aims to increase resilience. |
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| − | In the context of societal [[security]], '''resilience''' typically refers to a [[Community safety|community]] as a whole. |
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| − | In urban studies, the concept of resilience has recently been linked back to its ecological origins and applied as a concept within the context of [[environmental psychology]]. This concept has been placed in a socio-political context focusing on macro-resilience of an urban society as a whole (cf. Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 110-122)<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009"></ref>. |
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| − | Resilience can be considered as the degree to which a system (e.g. an urban environment as a structural and as a social system) is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disruptions for better future protection and improved risk reduction<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref>. |
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| − | Resilience is often described as a dynamic property or process (e.g. Lorenz 2010<ref name ="Lorenz 2010">Lorenz, D. F. (2010): The Diversity of Resilience: Contributions from a Social Science Perspective. Natural Hazards. Published online: 23 November 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9654-y. Retrieved from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/jp68pv2185320301/fulltext.pdf [last access: 24-06-2012].</ref>, Norris et al. 2008<ref>Norris, F. H./Stevens. S. P./Pfefferbaum, B./Wyche, K. F./Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008): Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. Am J Community Psychol 41:127–150. DOI 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6.</ref>, Cutter 2008<ref>Cutter, S.L./Barnes, L./Berry, M./Burton, C./Evans, E./Tate, E./Webb, J. (2008): Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management. CARRI Research Report 1. Community & Regional Resilience Initiative. Online in Internet: URL: http://www.resilientus.org/library/FINAL_CUTTER_9-25-08_1223482309.pdf [last access: 2012-02-14].</ref>). |
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| − | ===Resilience definitions=== |
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| − | The origin and developing '''conceptualization of resilience''' across various disciplines has been illustrated in numerous publications (e.g. Kuhlicke/Steinführer 2010<ref>Kuhlicke, C./Steinführer, A. (2010): Social Capacity Building for Natural Hazards. A Conceptual Frame. CapHaz-Net WP1 Report. Leipzig: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Retrieved from: http://caphaz-net.org/outcomes-results/CapHaz-Net_WP1_Social-Capacity-Building.pdf [last access: 2012-04-10].</ref>, Lorenz 2010<ref name="Lorenz 2010"></ref>, Norris et al. 2008<ref>Norris, F. H./Stevens. S. P./Pfefferbaum, B./Wyche, K. F./Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008): Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. In: American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 41: 127-150.</ref>, Cutter s.a.<ref name ="Cutter s.a.">Cutter S.L. (s.a.): A Framework for Measuring Coastal Hazard Resilience in New Jersey Communities. White Paper for the Urban Coast Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.monmouth.edu/uploadedFiles/Resources/Urban_Coast_Institute/SusanCutterFrameworkforMeasuringCoastalHazardResilientCommun.pdf [last access: 2012-03-21].</ref>). However, in disaster management literature there is no agreement on a common definition (resilience as an outcome or process) nor on baseline factors to determine community resilience. |
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| − | Two '''definitions''' are cited here, exemplifying an underlying joint agreement upon resilience properties: |
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| − | *Cutter (s.a.: 3)<ref name="Cutter s.a."></ref>: “''''Resilience is the ability of a system to respond and recover from disaster. It includes those inherent conditions that allow the system to absorb impacts and cope with an event, as well as those post-event adaptations that help the system to change and learn and thus achieve an acceptable level of functioning''.''” |
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| − | *CRSI (2011: 12)<ref>CRSI (2011): Community Resilience System Initiative (CRSI) Steering Committee. Final Report — a Roadmap to Increased Community Resilience. Community Resilience System Initiative, Community and Regional Resilience Institute: Washington D.C. Retrieved from: http://www.resilientus.org/library/CRSI_Final_Report-1_1314792521.pdf [last access: 2012-06-05].</ref>: “''''The CRSI defines community resilience as the capability of a community to anticipate risk, limit impact, and recover rapidly through survival, adaptation, evolution, and growth in the face of turbulent change''''”. |
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===Societal resilience=== |
===Societal resilience=== |
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| + | '''Societal resilience''' concerns the well-being (health, morale, etc.), self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.), and social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.) of the general public. The term also includes the resilience of social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).<ref>Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.</ref> |
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| + | ==Resilience and urban planning== |
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| − | '''Societal resilience''' is understood to be the ability of people, societies and socio-ecological systems to positively adapt to change, risks, threats and harms. Disaster reduction and mitigation measure the time it takes for a community or society to recover from a [[Natural threat|natural]] or man-made hazard<ref name="Sapirstein 2009"></ref>. |
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| + | Incorporating both safety and security consideration in the process of urban planning can contribute substantially to the resilience of an urban environment, by reducing potential vulnerabilities and impacts and supporting effective crisis management. |
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| + | Planning can contribute to building a system (of both social and of built environment) “''to either absorb or respond to negative external influences or to more generalized experiences of perturbation.''” (Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 122)<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009">Coaffee, J/Wood, D.M./Rogers, P. (2009): The Everyday Resilience of the City. How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: p. 122</ref> |
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| − | The concept focuses both reactive capabilities to cope with, recover from and adjust to adversities and proactive capacities and action to prepare for and anticipate crisis, create options to response and recover from various kinds of harms and threats. These can comprise |
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| − | *Governance and management of natural and environmental hazards, of climate change and energy policies; |
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| − | *Governance and management of demographic challenges and urbanization; development of livelihood, gender and migration concepts; |
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| − | *Governance and management of public health; development of health programs; |
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| − | *Governance and management of economical and geopolitical risks; |
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| − | *Governance and management of external and internal threats. |
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| − | ==Security related aspects and benefits== |
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| − | *Enhancing resilience of a community is becoming an acknowledged concept and mechanism for mitigating disaster impacts on urban or local level. |
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| − | *[[Urban planning]], as one of the most effective mitigation instruments, should and can essentially contribute to increasing '''community resilience''' ( of cities, towns, municipalities, districts or neighbourhood communities). |
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| − | * [[Urban planning|urban planning]] can contribute to building a system (of both social and of built environment) “''to either absorb or respond to negative external influences or to more generalized experiences of perturbation.''” (Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 122)<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009">Coaffee, J/Wood, D.M./Rogers, P. (2009): The Everyday Resilience of the City. How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref>. |
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| − | ===Urban resilience and disaster mitigation=== |
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| − | The [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/nsc National Security Council in the White House], for example, established the Office on Resilience to equip the community policy with guiding principles for the nation’s safety (cf. Cutter et al. 2010<ref>Cutter, S. L./Burton, C.L./Emrich, C.T. (2010): Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management Vol. 7, No. 1, Article 51: 1-22. DOI: 10.2202/1547-7355.1732.</ref>). By adopting '''resilience''' as a clear and pragmatic '''policy goal''', aiming to invest in fostering community resilience, communities are supposed to achieve an improved position to withstand disruptions and to recover and re-establish more easily. |
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| − | ==Resilience and vulnerability== |
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| − | Improving general '''resilience''' levels also requires tackling and understanding [[vulnerability]]. While vulnerability in general is the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards, it should in particular “''involve a predictive quality: it is supposedly a way of conceptualizing what may happen to an identifiable population under conditions of particular risk and hazards''.”; “''Social vulnerability is the complex set of characteristics that include a person’s: initial well-being (health, morale, etc.); self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.); social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.); social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).''”<ref>Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.</ref> |
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| − | By identifying potential [[vulnerability|vulnerabilities]], [[urban planning]] can directly contribute to the strengthening of community resilience. |
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| − | ==Approaches how to address it== |
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| − | *Applying a [[comprehensive approach]] to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the [[crisis management cycle]] simultaneously. |
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| − | * Follow the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building<ref name="Sapirstein 2009"></ref>. |
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| − | * Be sensitive to the social context and to [[security culture|security cultures]]. |
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| − | * The design and use of tools should be based on citizens’ [[Perception of (in)security and risks|perception of (in)security and risks]], feeling of [[vulnerability]] and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems. |
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| − | * Resilience thinking in the urban planning process should be grounded on a holistic view by incorporating the following five interconnected functional components: social, economic, political, demographic, and environmental.<ref>Pelling M.: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2003, p. 12.</ref> |
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| − | Approaches such as “[[New urbanism|New Urbanism]]” have been led by the assumption that societal resilience could be increased by informed, progressive architectural design that per se would meliorate human behaviour and reduce insecurity as well as citizens’ feeling thereof, however this physical only determinism will not hold. |
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| − | ==References== |
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| + | Concrete approaches that can be taken by urban planners to increase resilience, include: |
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| + | * Applying a [[comprehensive approach]] to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the [[crisis management cycle]] simultaneously. |
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| + | * Following the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref> |
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| + | * Being sensitive to the social context and to [[security culture|security cultures]]. |
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| + | * Basing the design and use of tools on citizens’ [[Perception of (in)security and risks|perception of (in)security and risks]], feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems. |
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| + | * Identifying potential vulnerabilities (of which the Securban tool can be used to identify security issues). |
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| + | * Using a holistic approach by incorporating the following five interconnected functional components: social, economic, political, demographic, and environmental.<ref>Pelling M.: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2003, p. 12.</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 16:06, 15 August 2013
Resilience is the degree to which the functioning of a system is unperturbed by incidents, either by resisting damage and/or recovering quickly.
Contents
Description
The concept of resilience applies to all systems of society (or aspects that can be viewed as a system), if its functioning can be evaluated. As such, the term gained an important role in the field of protection of Critical infrastructure.
Resilience is related to the concept of Vulnerability, in the sense that lowering vulnerability will most likely increase resilience and to the Crisis management cycle that, through a process of constant improvement, aims to increase resilience.
Societal resilience
Societal resilience concerns the well-being (health, morale, etc.), self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.), and social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.) of the general public. The term also includes the resilience of social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).[1]
Resilience and urban planning
Incorporating both safety and security consideration in the process of urban planning can contribute substantially to the resilience of an urban environment, by reducing potential vulnerabilities and impacts and supporting effective crisis management. Planning can contribute to building a system (of both social and of built environment) “to either absorb or respond to negative external influences or to more generalized experiences of perturbation.” (Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 122)[2]
Concrete approaches that can be taken by urban planners to increase resilience, include:
- Applying a comprehensive approach to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the crisis management cycle simultaneously.
- Following the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.[3]
- Being sensitive to the social context and to security cultures.
- Basing the design and use of tools on citizens’ perception of (in)security and risks, feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems.
- Identifying potential vulnerabilities (of which the Securban tool can be used to identify security issues).
- Using a holistic approach by incorporating the following five interconnected functional components: social, economic, political, demographic, and environmental.[4]
Footnotes and references
- ↑ Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.
- ↑ Coaffee, J/Wood, D.M./Rogers, P. (2009): The Everyday Resilience of the City. How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: p. 122
- ↑ Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)
- ↑ Pelling M.: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2003, p. 12.
