https://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&feed=atom&action=historyRetail and commercial services - Revision history2024-03-29T11:33:56ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.0https://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=13272&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-11-04T08:57:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of [[Economic impact of security threats|security threats and their economic impact]]. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of [[Economic impact of security threats|security threats and their economic impact]]. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]](for security measures. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>(for security measures<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''</div></td>
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</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=13271&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-11-04T08:57:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of [[Economic impact of security threats|security threats and their economic impact]]. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of [[Economic impact of security threats|security threats and their economic impact]]. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]]. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(for security measures</ins>. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''</div></td>
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</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=13268&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-11-04T08:36:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND corporation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>(an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del><ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006): [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.</ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND corporation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>(an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science)<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006): [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.</ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
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</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=13267&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-11-04T08:35:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">group</del>]<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">corporation (an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science)</ins>]<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</ins> [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.</ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
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</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=12704&oldid=prevOlav at 11:28, 10 July 20132013-07-10T11:28:32Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design</del> can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Design</ins> can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
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</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=12703&oldid=prevOlav at 11:25, 10 July 20132013-07-10T11:25:47Z<p></p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/attract</del> large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
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</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=12702&oldid=prevOlav at 11:24, 10 July 20132013-07-10T11:24:50Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns, and villages - thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending that is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns, and villages - thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending that is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retail planning guidance <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">advocate</del> a sequential approach to locate retail development in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">city/</del>town centre<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">allow</del> retail development <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> edge of centre or out of centre locations<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where</del> all other options have been exhausted. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners.<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref></div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retail planning guidance <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">advocates</ins> a sequential approach to locate retail development in the town centre<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Starting</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the centre outwards,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">allowing</ins> retail development <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on</ins> edge of centre or out of centre locations <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only if</ins> all other options<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> for retail development in the centre</ins> have been exhausted<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. However, in recent decades large retail centres have risen at the edge of towns due to the superior acces by road infrastructure</ins>. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners.<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:</div></td>
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</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=12699&oldid=prevOlav at 10:00, 10 July 20132013-07-10T10:00:46Z<p></p>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retail and commercial <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">services</del> activities are very important drivers of economic activity within urban areas. Retail services <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">predominantly</del> become clustered within a specific area, offering wide ranging services to consumers, and attracting significant footfall. Retail services which may be offered will range from the sale and supply of consumer goods and products, to the provision of social activities such as bars and restaurants. Retail and services activities will typically occur in one of three primary contexts:</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retail and commercial <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">service</ins> activities are very important drivers of economic activity within urban areas. Retail services <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">usually</ins> become clustered within a specific area, offering wide ranging services to consumers, and attracting significant footfall. Retail services which may be offered will range from the sale and supply of consumer goods and products, to the provision of social activities such as bars and restaurants. Retail and services activities will typically occur in one of three primary contexts:</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=12634&oldid=prevFlorian at 09:47, 26 June 20132013-06-26T09:47:50Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:47, 26 June 2013</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">example</del>,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,</del> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects</ins>,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
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<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Florianhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Retail_and_commercial_services&diff=12633&oldid=prevFlorian at 09:44, 26 June 20132013-06-26T09:44:55Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:44, 26 June 2013</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Functions ==</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Functions ==</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
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<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns and villages<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which</del> is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> and villages<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> -</ins> thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that</ins> is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.</div></td>
</tr>
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<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
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<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retail planning guidance advocate a sequential approach to locate retail development in the city/town centre, and only to allow retail development in edge of centre or out of centre locations where all other options have been exhausted. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Retail planning guidance advocate a sequential approach to locate retail development in the city/town centre, and only to allow retail development in edge of centre or out of centre locations<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> where all other options have been exhausted. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins><ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref></div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
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<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{quote|In the run-up to the opening of the 2600th post office, PostNL carried out research into the social function of local shops. The research...has shown that people are still receiving personal service quite literally around the corner from where they live. For almost a quarter of the respondents social contact was the main reason for continuing to visit the shop around the corner. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{quote|In the run-up to the opening of the 2600th post office, PostNL carried out research into the social function of local shops. The research...has shown that people are still receiving personal service quite literally around the corner from where they live. For almost a quarter of the respondents social contact was the main reason for continuing to visit the shop around the corner. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite the increasing popularity of internet shopping, 98% of Dutch people still find it important that there are shops close to where they live. Almost everyone visits a local shop at least once a week. A quarter of those questioned even visit on a daily basis. The fact that the shop is close by was given as the main reason for the number of visits (56%). </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite the increasing popularity of internet shopping, 98% of Dutch people still find it important that there are shops close to where they live. Almost everyone visits a local shop at least once a week. A quarter of those questioned even visit on a daily basis. The fact that the shop is close by was given as the main reason for the number of visits (56%). </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins><ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
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<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has</del> obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oftend</del> addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have</ins> obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often</ins> addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For example,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects, we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For example,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</ins> the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects, we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance. </div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].</div></td>
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</table>Florian