https://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&feed=atom&action=historyPublic services and facilities - Revision history2024-03-28T19:16:31ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.0https://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=13286&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-11-13T15:39:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:39, 13 November 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The economic function of social infrastructure is to provide for the well-being of individuals, families and communities. Investment in social infrastructure is essential for maintaining quality of life and to develop the skills and resilience essential to strong communities. There is a growing consensus amongst scholars and politicians that social infrastructure is at least as important for the successful development of a modern economy as more physical infrastructure such as roads, utility facilities, and sewer systems. Social infrastructure such as schools, theatres and sport facilities make people want to live in a certain area, which subsequently attracts businesses and other investors that provide for jobs and income ([[Economic impact|economic impact]]). "In short, social infrastructure planning involves minimal resource for high returns"<ref>Smarth Growth (2009)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> Social Infrastructure Planning Framework for the Western Bay of Plenty Sub-region.</ref>.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The economic function of social infrastructure is to provide for the well-being of individuals, families and communities. Investment in social infrastructure is essential for maintaining quality of life and to develop the skills and resilience essential to strong communities. There is a growing consensus amongst scholars and politicians that social infrastructure is at least as important for the successful development of a modern economy as more physical infrastructure such as roads, utility facilities, and sewer systems. Social infrastructure such as schools, theatres and sport facilities make people want to live in a certain area, which subsequently attracts businesses and other investors that provide for jobs and income ([[Economic impact|economic impact]]). "In short, social infrastructure planning involves minimal resource for high returns"<ref>Smarth Growth (2009)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</ins> Social Infrastructure Planning Framework for the Western Bay of Plenty Sub-region.</ref>.</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
</tr>
</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=12715&oldid=prevOlav at 12:13, 10 July 20132013-07-10T12:13:08Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:13, 10 July 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of public services and facilities, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice has to incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements of urban objects. Vulnerability assessment should take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of public services and facilities, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice has to incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements of urban objects. Vulnerability assessment should take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is know, for example, that citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect it can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> general</del> [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrastructure_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> and needs to protect it</del>]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risk related to the infrastructure and the need to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is know, for example, that citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect it can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrastructure_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risk related to the infrastructure and the need to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of public facilities and public service infrastructure. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable include [[activating opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[appreciative planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance).</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of public facilities and public service infrastructure. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable include [[activating opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[appreciative planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance).</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=12714&oldid=prevOlav at 12:10, 10 July 20132013-07-10T12:10:50Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:10, 10 July 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of public services and facilities, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">must</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">therefore</del> incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements of urban objects<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, including from the societal point of view</del>. Vulnerability assessment should<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> thus</del> take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of public services and facilities, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</ins> incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements of urban objects. Vulnerability assessment should take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">We</del> know, for example, that citizens felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrastructure_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">risks</del> to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">related</del> infrastructure and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">needs</del> to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is</ins> know, for example, that citizens<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins> felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> it</ins> can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrastructure_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">risk related</ins> to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> infrastructure and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the need</ins> to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> urban</del> public facilities and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">infrastructure</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public services</del>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable include [[activating opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[appreciative planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance).</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of public facilities and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">service</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">infrastructure</ins>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable include [[activating opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[appreciative planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance).</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Public services generally require good possibilities for mobility, e.g. public buildings should have a good [[Accessibility | accessibility]].</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Public services generally require good possibilities for mobility, e.g. public buildings should have a good [[Accessibility | accessibility]].<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> However, in order to reduce safety risk of vulnerable public places such as schools, accessibility might also be reduced on purpose in order to make it more difficult for criminals to enter the place. </ins></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-empty"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, in order to reduce safety risk of vulnerable public places such as schools, accessibility might also be reduced on purpose in order to make it more difficult for criminals to enter the place. </div></td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-empty"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In <ref name="saferplaces"/> an example is given of a recently-rebuilt secondary school which is unusual in having the grounds unfenced and accessible to the public. It is on the site of a prefabricated school that had many security and disorder problems. The aim was to create a school that students would be proud of and would be safe without having overly visible security measures. This aim has been successful, thanks to a secure building envelope with a single controlled entrance and a comprehensive CCTV system monitored by security guards on 24-hour duty.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In <ref name="saferplaces"/> an example is given of a recently-rebuilt secondary school which is unusual in having the grounds unfenced and accessible to the public. It is on the site of a prefabricated school that had many security and disorder problems. The aim was to create a school that students would be proud of and would be safe without having overly visible security measures. This aim has been successful, thanks to a secure building envelope with a single controlled entrance and a comprehensive CCTV system monitored by security guards on 24-hour duty.</div></td>
</tr>
<!-- diff cache key securipedia-sp_:diff:wikidiff2:1.12:old-12713:rev-12714:1.10.0 -->
</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=12713&oldid=prevOlav at 12:05, 10 July 20132013-07-10T12:05:37Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:05, 10 July 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Educational || The land uses and buildings that are used to serve the educational purposes of the community. These facilities very often have a secondary function of providing a location for social and recreational activities of the community.|| [[Image:Education.jpg|center|x50px|Education|link=Educational facilities]]</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Educational || The land uses and buildings that are used to serve the educational purposes of the community. These facilities very often have a secondary function of providing a location for social and recreational activities of the community.|| [[Image:Education.jpg|center|x50px|Education|link=Educational facilities]]</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Health || This category of urban object includes all facilities where medical treatment of some form is offered. For example, it would include a local GP clinic or a city hospital. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It</del> is however not limited to clinical or medical healthcare, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but</del> all <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contexts</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">relating</del> to the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of people with sickness<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/</del>illness.|| [[Image:Health.jpg|center|x50px|Health|link=Health facilities]]</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Health || This category of urban object includes all facilities where medical treatment of some form is offered. For example, it would include a local GP clinic or a city hospital. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This category</ins> is<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> however<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> not limited to clinical or medical healthcare, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it includes</ins> all <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">object</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">related</ins> to the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of people with sickness<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> or </ins>illness.|| [[Image:Health.jpg|center|x50px|Health|link=Health facilities]]</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Government Assets || Buildings and facilities relating to government departments or entities. This would include, for example administration office associated with a government department or agency, police and fire services stations, etc. For the purposes of Urban Securipedia, government assets do not extend to recreational services or utilities such as water/waste/energy infrastructure or facilities. || [[Image:Government Assets.jpg|center|x50px|Government Assets|link=Government Asset]]</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Government Assets || Buildings and facilities relating to government departments or entities. This would include, for example administration office associated with a government department or agency, police and fire services stations, etc. For the purposes of Urban Securipedia, government assets do not extend to recreational services or utilities such as water/waste/energy infrastructure or facilities. || [[Image:Government Assets.jpg|center|x50px|Government Assets|link=Government Asset]]</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=12712&oldid=prevOlav at 12:02, 10 July 20132013-07-10T12:02:37Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:02, 10 July 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIESicon.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]'''Public services and facilities''' are [[urban object|urban object]]s designated to fulfil supportive functions related to the health and well-being of the citizens of a modern society or urban area. <br /></div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIESicon.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]'''Public services and facilities''' are [[urban object|urban object]]s designated to fulfil supportive functions related to the health and well-being of the citizens of a modern society or urban area. <br /></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The provision of public services and facilities in the urban environment<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> thus</del> has a significant impact on the quality of</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The provision of public services and facilities in the urban environment has a significant impact on the quality of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> life that residents and others enjoy. Good quality local public services, including education and training opportunities, health care and community facilities, are identified as one of the key elements for a Sustainable Communities Plan connected with crime reduction and community safety<ref name="saferplaces">Safer Places - The Planning System and Crime Prevention (2004). Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.</ref>.</ins></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>life that residents and others enjoy. Good quality local public services, including education and training opportunities, health care and community facilities, are identified as one of the key elements for a Sustainable Communities Plan connecting with crime reduction and community safety<ref name="saferplaces">Safer Places - The Planning System and Crime Prevention (2004). Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.</ref>.</div></td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-empty"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Description ==</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Description ==</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Olavhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=12636&oldid=prevFlorian at 09:54, 26 June 20132013-06-26T09:54:35Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:54, 26 June 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Social ===</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of public services and facilities, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice must therefore incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements of urban objects, including from the societal point of view. Vulnerability assessment should thus take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community. </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the case of public services and facilities, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience. In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice must therefore incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements of urban objects, including from the societal point of view. Vulnerability assessment should thus take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community. </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We know for example that citizens<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del> felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society</del>|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risks to related infrastructure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We know<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> for example<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> that citizens felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrastructure_failure_on_citizens_and_society</ins>|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risks to related infrastructure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of urban public facilities and infrastructure for public services. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inlcude</del> [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Activating</del> opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Appreciative</del> planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance).</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of urban public facilities and infrastructure for public services. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">include</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activating</ins> opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appreciative</ins> planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance).</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Florianhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=12362&oldid=prevFlorian: /* Social */2013-06-05T13:19:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Social</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:19, 5 June 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We know for example that citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risks to related infrastructure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We know for example that citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners)<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166</ref>. This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]] to consider. Public services and facilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risks to related infrastructure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of urban public facilities and infrastructure for public services. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, related risk assessment for urban planning should identify related levels of risk perception at the level of the citizens as the end-users of urban public facilities and infrastructure for public services. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. For planning of public services and facilities, methods that are particularly suitable inlcude [[Activating opinion survey]] (with a focus on identifying citizens' fears and needs) and [[Appreciative planning]] (with a focus on stakeholders and mapping of communities for which the public services and facilities are of particular importance)</ins>.</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Economic ===</div></td>
</tr>
</table>Florianhttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=11789&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-05-06T08:06:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:06, 6 May 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Security measures such as , surveillance, etc., mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Security measures such as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">access control, ownership</ins>, surveillance, etc., mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
</tr>
</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=11788&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-05-06T08:05:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:05, 6 May 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Security measures such as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">target hardening</del>, surveillance, etc., mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Security measures such as , surveillance, etc., mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
</tr>
</table>John Phttps://securipedia.eu/index.php?title=Public_services_and_facilities&diff=11787&oldid=prevJohn P: /* Economic */2013-05-06T08:05:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Economic</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:05, 6 May 2013</td>
</tr><tr>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of [[Threat|security threats]], public services and facilities are subject to crime and vandalism. These activities create [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of/damage to property), and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). </div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker">−</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Apart</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traditional</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">security</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measures</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">policing,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">alarm</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">systems</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">surveillance</del> and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regulatory</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bodies</del>, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can</del> be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></del>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ref></del>.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker">+</td>
<td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Security</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measures</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">target</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hardening,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">surveillance,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">etc.,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mitigate</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">negative effects of crime and</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">terrorism</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">permanent)</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and more indirect economic effects</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|</ins>the<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> economic effects of security measures]]. The</ins> ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">could</ins> be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> to</ins> reduce the economic damage<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"> </td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Mobility ===</div></td>
</tr>
</table>John P