Measure type: Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

ICT measures could be used for: communicating, storing, analysing and protecting information.

The following chart includes various ICT solutions that can be implemented as event driven-measures to mediate the risk of a high-impact crime (such as a terrorist attack) at an event in a designated area.

Tech description	Threat type	Threat phase	Tech use
Detection of deviant behaviour online (by combining data science (how to extract and model online behaviour) and social science (which behaviours to address))	all	Initial target identification	Surveil
Vulnerability assessment of individuals before the fact (for example, Multi-Agency Vulnerability Assessment Support Tool (MAVAST))	all	Initial target identification	Surveil
GIS system for geographical information	all	Execution / post-attack/escape	Surveil / respond / protect / detect / improvise
Video analytics	all	Initial target identification / execution / post-attack/escape	Surveil / respond / protect / detect

The chart includes various columns that are explained here.

In the first column, under 'Tech description', technological solutions are listed.

The next column indicates which 'Threat types' can be mitigated with these technological solutions:

1. Fire arms attack - small calibre pistol or semi/full-automatic rifle;
2. Sharp object attack - knifes, machete, other sharp and blunt objects;
3. Vehicle attack - use of vehicle as a weapon by ramming large crowds;
4. IED (explosives) - left/concealed in objects or goods (based on home-made or commercial explosives);
5. PBIED (explosives) - explosives concealed on a person (suicide or carrier);
6. UAVIED (explosives) - explosives delivered by a remote-controlled airborne device;
7. VBIED (explosives) - explosives concealed inside a vehicle (or its cargo);
8. Chemical attack - threat object concealed in goods or carried items (e.g. canister or UAV dispensed);
9. Biological attack - threat object concealed in goods or carried items (e.g. canister or UAV dispensed);
10. Radiological attack - threat object concealed in goods or carried items (e.g. canister or UAV dispensed).

The 'Threat phase' column states in which phase of the attack the technological solution has the most effect:

1. Initial Target Identification (before the attack);
2. Operational Planning (before the attack);
3. Pre-Attack Preparation (before the attack);
4. Execution (during the attack);
5. Post-Attack/Escape (after the attack).

Finally, the 'Tech use' column states the appertaining security function of the technological solution:

1. Alert - used for alerting public (e.g. sirens, texting service);
2. Surveil - used for situational awareness (e.g. cameras, social media tools);
3. Respond - used for responding to an attack (e.g. security personnel, non-lethal weapons);
4. Protect - used to protect assets (people, buildings, infrastructure);
5. Detect - used for detecting a weapon or weapon use (e.g. entry scanning equipment);
6. Overcome - used for overcoming a sudden vulnerability (e.g. extra concertina wire);
7. Improvise - created on the spot from available means (e.g. use police vehicle as a road block);
8. Restrict - used for restricting public access (e.g. safety barriers);
9. Adapt - used for changing circumstances (e.g. moving assets to a safer location);
10. Other.

Other measure types are:

• Sensors
• Actuators
• Physical measures
• Methods