Utilities - Revision history

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2013-12-13T13:33:16Z

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 Given the high level of (inter)dependency between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
-Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependency, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].
+Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to defend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependency, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].
 ===Economic===

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 ===Social===
-Since most of the utility services (e.g. water, waste, energy) are essential for the quality of life, they are also pivotal for exercising social functions. Hence, the term critical infrastructure. They are essential for the quality of life because they provide some of our basic needs: water, heat, sanitary facilities. They are pivotal for exercising [[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|social functions]] because the enable or strengthen human agency. We need electricity and the internet to extend our communication beyond our direct social surrounding and to be informed and to be informative. Also we need the transportation system to get to work, to buy food and meet people. Also, it makes us vulnerable because security systems like access control, fire alarms may fail and we cannot reach emergency services when required.
+Since most of the utility services (e.g. water, waste, energy) are essential for the quality of life, they are also pivotal for exercising social functions. Hence, the term critical infrastructure. They are essential for the quality of life because they provide some of our basic needs: water, heat, sanitary facilities. They are pivotal for exercising [[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|social functions]] because they enable or strengthen human agency. We need electricity and the internet to extend our communication beyond our direct social surrounding and to be informed and to be informative. Also we need the transportation system to get to work, to buy food and meet people. Also, it makes us vulnerable because security systems like access control, fire alarms may fail and we cannot reach emergency services when required.
 Given the high level of (inter)dependency between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Social===
-Since most of the utility services (e.g. water, waste, energy) are essential for the quality of life, they are also pivotal for exercising social functions. Hence, the term critical infrastructure. They are essential for the quality of life because they provide some of our basic needs: water, heat, sanitary facilities. They are pivotal for exercising social functions because the enable or strengthen human agency. We need electricity and the internet to extend our communication beyond our direct social surrounding and to be informed and to be informative. Also we need the transportation system to get to work, to buy food and meet people. Also, it makes us vulnerable because security systems like access control, fire alarms may fail and we cannot reach emergency services when required.
+Since most of the utility services (e.g. water, waste, energy) are essential for the quality of life, they are also pivotal for exercising social functions. Hence, the term critical infrastructure. They are essential for the quality of life because they provide some of our basic needs: water, heat, sanitary facilities. They are pivotal for exercising [[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|social functions]] because the enable or strengthen human agency. We need electricity and the internet to extend our communication beyond our direct social surrounding and to be informed and to be informative. Also we need the transportation system to get to work, to buy food and meet people. Also, it makes us vulnerable because security systems like access control, fire alarms may fail and we cannot reach emergency services when required.
+Given the high level of (inter)dependency between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
-*Types of impact of [[Critical_infrastructure|critical infrastructure ]] failure on citizens and society as well as needs to protect it
-*[[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|Societal aspects of failure of critical services]]
-Given the high level of interdependence between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
 Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependency, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].

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 Given the high level of interdependence between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
-Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of [[critical infrastructure]] failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependency, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].
+Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependency, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].
 ===Economic===

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 Given the high level of interdependence between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
-Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of [[critical infrastructure]] failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].
+Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgement. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> The principle of self-reliance can be applied to different types of impact of [[critical infrastructure]] failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependency, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].
 ===Economic===

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 *[[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|Societal aspects of failure of critical services]]
-Given the high level of interdependence between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a domino effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
+Given the high level of interdependence between critical infrastructures, failure of a single element can cause a cascading effect with negative consequences for all other critical infrastructures and therefore the population. The potentially dramatic consequences of such failures have been highlighted by recent catastrophic situations, both at the national - the 1998 ice storm in southern Quebec - and international levels - the earthquake-related Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. [[Critical_infrastructure#Consideration_of_critical_infrastructures_in_the_urban_planning_process|Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures]] is therefore an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice.
 Another way to reduce vulnerability is resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by stimulating self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency (also called self-containment) is the state of not requiring any aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Self-reliance is having confidence in and exercising one's own powers or judgment. Having this quality typically means having the skills and tools to fend for yourself and not need help from other people. This may be influenced by different ownership structures (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> This can be apllied to different [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]]. Moreover, utilities can also be associated with citizens' perception of individual dependence, which can increase their perception of risks to related infra-structure and needs to protect it.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].