Urban terrorism - Revision history

Olav: /* Objectives of urban terrorism */

2013-08-20T09:30:03Z

Objectives of urban terrorism

Albert at 23:34, 30 January 2013

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Albert at 23:34, 30 January 2013

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Albert at 12:47, 17 December 2012

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Albert at 17:21, 7 December 2012

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 == Objectives of urban terrorism==
-Contrary to everyday violence, urban terrorism seeks to sustainably unsettle and disrupt urban [[infrastructure]] and urban life, at most times involving fatalities or severe injuries of civilians. Urban agglomerations, density of built environment and urban mass transport infrastructure result in mass gathering and, thus, make easy targets to maximize the impact of terrorist attacks with respect to both social and structural harm (as experienced in the Mumbai suburb bombings, the Madrid train bombing, 9/11 and many more).
+Contrary to everyday violence, urban terrorism seeks to sustainably unsettle and disrupt urban infrastructure, [[Critical infrastructure| critical infrastructure]] and urban life, at most times involving fatalities or severe injuries of civilians. Urban agglomerations, density of built environment and urban mass transport infrastructure result in mass gathering and, thus, make easy targets to maximize the impact of terrorist attacks with respect to both social and structural harm (as experienced in the Mumbai suburb bombings, the Madrid train bombing, 9/11 and many more).
 ==Strategies for defending against urban terrorism==

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+[[Category:Threat]]
-[[Category:Mobility]] [[Category:Safety]] [[Category:Threat]] [[Category:Urban environment]] [[Category:Urban object]]
+'''Urban terrorism''' is the threat of terrorists applied to the urban environment. When this threat is directed at people, it is covered under the security issue of [[Security issue: Mass killing| Mass killing]]. When directed at objects, it is covered under the security issue of [[Security issue: Destruction by fanatics| Destruction by fanatics]]
+==Description==
 '''Urban terrorism''' is a major concern in urban [[security]], although, compared to common violence and [[crime]] or everyday car accident [[risk]], number of incidents and death tolls are rather small. However, it "[…] ''is one type of violence that has serious consequences for cities in both developed and developing countries''".<ref>UN-HABITAT (2007): Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. United Nations Human Settlement Programme: London, p. 65. Retrieved from http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS.2007.0.pdf [2012-04-13].</ref>

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 '''Urban terrorism''' is a major concern in urban [[security]], although, compared to common violence and [[crime]] or everyday car accident [[risk]], number of incidents and death tolls are rather small. However, it "[…] ''is one type of violence that has serious consequences for cities in both developed and developing countries''".<ref>UN-HABITAT (2007): Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. United Nations Human Settlement Programme: London, p. 65. Retrieved from http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS.2007.0.pdf [2012-04-13].</ref>
 == Objectives of urban terrorism==
 Contrary to everyday violence, urban terrorism seeks to sustainably unsettle and disrupt urban [[infrastructure]] and urban life, at most times involving fatalities or severe injuries of civilians. Urban agglomerations, density of built environment and urban mass transport infrastructure result in mass gathering and, thus, make easy targets to maximize the impact of terrorist attacks with respect to both social and structural harm (as experienced in the Mumbai suburb bombings, the Madrid train bombing, 9/11 and many more).
 ==Strategies for defending against urban terrorism==
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 * The surveillance approach (space control via cameras and security staff);
 * The managerial approach (enhancement of legal and police control).
 ==Countering urban terrorism by urban planning==
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 * The installation of concrete medians between lanes or at entry points into business districts or subway stations;
 * The construction of bollards, barriers and fences building protection.
 In its guide on design and technical issues for protecting crowded places the UK Home Office in partnership with the Department for Communities and Local Government gives "advice about counter-terrorism protective security design" for planning, designing and developing built environment. As key mitigation strategies access control and air intake protection are recommended for CBR material and firearms attacks and following suggestions referring to design and structural adaptations are given:<ref>HM Government (2012): Crowded Places: The Planning System and Counter-Terrorism. Home Office in partnership with the Department for Communities and Local Government. Crown Copyright. Online: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/counter-terrorism/crowded-places/planning-and-ct?view=Binary (last access: 02.02.2012), p. 3.</ref>
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 * Installing doors and locks and robust floor facades;
 * Incorporation of firearms attack scenario into emergency plans.
 Counter terrorism protective security measures help to identify, to prevent and postpone terrorist attacks, based on the principle of "deter, detect, delay".<ref>Ibid., pp. 10 and 31.</ref> The challenge remains to combine protective security measures with the application of general urban design principles, respectively applying protective security measures without interfering with the key principles of well-designed places, which are:
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 * Adaptability;
 * Diversity.
 ==Counter-terrorism urban design principles==
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 The following four key counter-terrorism design principles have been promulgated by authorities:<ref>Ibid., p. 10.</ref>
 [[File:Counter-terrorism_design_principles.jpg|700px|thumb|center]]
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