Transportation - Revision history

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-20T10:04:54Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:26:09Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:25:43Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T10:17:10Z

Economic

Olav: /* Social */

2013-07-12T09:22:38Z

Social

Olav at 09:21, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:21:17Z

Olav: /* Description */

2013-07-12T09:20:42Z

Description

Olav: /* Description */

2013-07-12T09:19:32Z

Description

Olav at 09:18, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:18:07Z

Olav at 09:15, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:15:34Z

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 The economic impact of transportation is directly linked to the location of an urban object/environment. Locations with low levels of accessibility such as cities surrounded by mountains tend to have higher costs for many goods and services, limiting the welfare of individuals and society.
-In general, security threats will have a negative effect on the mobility of individuals, and in extreme cases on the mobility of a society as whole. As a result, the positive economic impact of an efficient transportation system will be partly reversed (the [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]]). Security measures such as directing traffic flows and access control, can reduce these negative impacts, but can also have a negative impact on the efficiency of transportation networks, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]].
+In general, security threats will have a negative effect on the mobility of individuals, groups of people (companies), and in extreme cases on society as a whole. As a result, the positive economic impact of an efficient transportation system will be partly reversed (the [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]]). Security measures such as directing traffic flows and access control, can reduce these negative impacts, but can also have a negative impact on the efficiency of transportation networks, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]].
 === Mobility ===

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 Transportation is a crucial component of every economy since it enables the transport of resources from one location to the other, enabling people and societies as a whole to produce welfare. Transported resources can range from material objects such as natural resources and manufactured products to labour, knowledge and skills in the form of people.<ref>NPTEL (2007): Chapter 3. Role of Transportation in Society.</ref>. Efficient transport systems provide economic and social benefits such as a better accessibility to markets, employment, knowledge (schools) and investors. These benefits are the result of a reduction in transportation costs and lead to [[Primary economic impact|direct economic impacts]] which can be measured in terms of employment, added value, investment costs, etc. Note, however, that these transportation costs are not just the result of physical infrastructure such as roads and airports, but also of many other different kind of obstacles such as tariffs, language and culture barriers<ref>Brakman, S., H. Garretsen and C. van Marrewijk (2001): An introduction to geographical economics. Cambridge University Press</ref>. The [[Economic impact|economic impact]] of transportation extends in most cases beyond these direct effects due to the further rounds of economic activity as a result of the transportation of goods, the so-called [[Secondary economic impact|indirect economic effects]]. Transportation, however, also has a social and an environmental impact, which is not in all cases positive. Congestion, traffic accidents, environmental pollution and land consumption are well-known examples of these social or external effects of transportation.
-The economic impact of transportation can be assessed from both a macroeconomic perspective and a micro-economic perspective<ref>Macroeconomics is the branch of economics dealing with an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets and persons. Micro-economics studies the behaviour of individual households, firms and organisations while dealing with scarcity.</ref>with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as the [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] in case investments in transportation have to be appraised. At the micro-economic level, transportation is linked to the costs of transportation for individual agents, while at a macroeconomic level the importance of transportation for an economy as a whole is assessed<ref>Rodrique, J.P. & T. Notteboom (2013): The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd Edition.</ref>.
+The economic impact of transportation can be assessed from both a macroeconomic perspective and a micro-economic perspective<ref>Macroeconomics is the branch of economics dealing with an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets and persons. Micro-economics studies the behaviour of individual households, firms and organisations while dealing with scarcity.</ref> with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as the [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] in case investments in transportation have to be appraised. At the micro-economic level, transportation is linked to the costs of transportation for individual agents, while at a macroeconomic level the importance of transportation for an economy as a whole is assessed<ref>Rodrique, J.P. & T. Notteboom (2013): The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd Edition.</ref>.
 The economic impact of transportation is directly linked to the location of an urban object/environment. Locations with low levels of accessibility such as cities surrounded by mountains tend to have higher costs for many goods and services, limiting the welfare of individuals and society.

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 === Economic ===
-Transportation is a crucial component of every economy since it enables the transport of resources from one location to the other, enabling people and societies as a whole to produce welfare. Transported resources can range from material objects such as natural resources and manufactured products to labour, knowledge and skills in the form of people.<ref>NPTEL (2007): Chapter 3. Role of Transportation in Society.</ref>. Efficient transport systems provide economic and social benefits such as a better accessibility to markets, employment, knowledge (schools) and investors. These benefits are the result of a reduction in transportation costs and lead to [[Primary economic impact|direct economic impacts]] which can be measured in terms of employment, added value, investment costs, etc. Note, however, that these transportation costs are not just the result of physical infrastructure such as roads and airports, but also of many other different kind of obstacles such as tariffs, language and culture barriers<ref>Brakman, S., H. Garretsen and C. van Marrewijk (2001): An introduction to geographical economics.</ref>. The [[Economic impact|economic impact]] of transportation extends in most cases beyond these direct effects due to the further rounds of economic activity as a result of the transportation of goods, the so-called [[Secondary economic impact|indirect economic effects]]. Transportation, however, also has a social and an environmental impact, which is not in all cases positive. Congestion, traffic accidents, environmental pollution and land consumption are well-known examples of these social or external effects of transportation.
+Transportation is a crucial component of every economy since it enables the transport of resources from one location to the other, enabling people and societies as a whole to produce welfare. Transported resources can range from material objects such as natural resources and manufactured products to labour, knowledge and skills in the form of people.<ref>NPTEL (2007): Chapter 3. Role of Transportation in Society.</ref>. Efficient transport systems provide economic and social benefits such as a better accessibility to markets, employment, knowledge (schools) and investors. These benefits are the result of a reduction in transportation costs and lead to [[Primary economic impact|direct economic impacts]] which can be measured in terms of employment, added value, investment costs, etc. Note, however, that these transportation costs are not just the result of physical infrastructure such as roads and airports, but also of many other different kind of obstacles such as tariffs, language and culture barriers<ref>Brakman, S., H. Garretsen and C. van Marrewijk (2001): An introduction to geographical economics. Cambridge University Press</ref>. The [[Economic impact|economic impact]] of transportation extends in most cases beyond these direct effects due to the further rounds of economic activity as a result of the transportation of goods, the so-called [[Secondary economic impact|indirect economic effects]]. Transportation, however, also has a social and an environmental impact, which is not in all cases positive. Congestion, traffic accidents, environmental pollution and land consumption are well-known examples of these social or external effects of transportation.
 The economic impact of transportation can be assessed from both a macroeconomic perspective and a micro-economic perspective<ref>Macroeconomics is the branch of economics dealing with an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets and persons. Micro-economics studies the behaviour of individual households, firms and organisations while dealing with scarcity.</ref>with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as the [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] in case investments in transportation have to be appraised. At the micro-economic level, transportation is linked to the costs of transportation for individual agents, while at a macroeconomic level the importance of transportation for an economy as a whole is assessed<ref>Rodrique, J.P. & T. Notteboom (2013): The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd Edition.</ref>.

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 === Economic ===
-Transportation is a crucial component of every economy since it enables the transport of resources from one location to the other, enabling people and societies as a whole to produce welfare. Transported resources can range from material objects such as natural resources and manufactured products to labour, knowledge and skills in the form of people.<ref>NPTEL (2007). Chapter 3. Role of Transportation in Society.</ref>. Efficient transport systems provide economic and social benefits such as a better accessibility to markets, employment, knowledge (schools) and investors. These benefits are the result of a reduction in transportation costs and lead to [[Primary economic impact|direct economic impacts]] which can be measured in terms of employment, added value, investment costs, etc. Note, however, that these transportation costs are not just the result of physical infrastructure such as roads and airports, but also of many other different kind of obstacles such as tariffs, language and culture barriers<ref>Brakman, S., H. Garretsen and C. van Marrewijk (2001). An introduction to geographical economics.</ref>. The [[Economic impact|economic impact]] of transportation extends in most cases beyond these direct effects due to the further rounds of economic activity as a result of the transportation of goods, the so-called [[Secondary economic impact|indirect economic effects]]. Transportation, however, also has a social and an environmental impact, which is not in all cases positive. Congestion, traffic accidents, environmental pollution and land consumption are well-known examples of these social or external effects of transportation.
+Transportation is a crucial component of every economy since it enables the transport of resources from one location to the other, enabling people and societies as a whole to produce welfare. Transported resources can range from material objects such as natural resources and manufactured products to labour, knowledge and skills in the form of people.<ref>NPTEL (2007): Chapter 3. Role of Transportation in Society.</ref>. Efficient transport systems provide economic and social benefits such as a better accessibility to markets, employment, knowledge (schools) and investors. These benefits are the result of a reduction in transportation costs and lead to [[Primary economic impact|direct economic impacts]] which can be measured in terms of employment, added value, investment costs, etc. Note, however, that these transportation costs are not just the result of physical infrastructure such as roads and airports, but also of many other different kind of obstacles such as tariffs, language and culture barriers<ref>Brakman, S., H. Garretsen and C. van Marrewijk (2001): An introduction to geographical economics.</ref>. The [[Economic impact|economic impact]] of transportation extends in most cases beyond these direct effects due to the further rounds of economic activity as a result of the transportation of goods, the so-called [[Secondary economic impact|indirect economic effects]]. Transportation, however, also has a social and an environmental impact, which is not in all cases positive. Congestion, traffic accidents, environmental pollution and land consumption are well-known examples of these social or external effects of transportation.
-The economic impact of transportation can be assessed from both a macroeconomic perspective and a micro-economic perspective<ref>Macroeconomics is the branch of economics dealing with an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets and persons. Micro-economics studies the behaviour of individual households, firms and organisations while dealing with scarcity.</ref>with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as the [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] in case investments in transportation have to be appraised. At the micro-economic level, transportation is linked to the costs of transportation for individual agents, while at a macroeconomic level the importance of transportation for an economy as a whole is assessed<ref>J.P. Rodrique & T. Notteboom (2013). The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd Edition.</ref>.
+The economic impact of transportation can be assessed from both a macroeconomic perspective and a micro-economic perspective<ref>Macroeconomics is the branch of economics dealing with an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets and persons. Micro-economics studies the behaviour of individual households, firms and organisations while dealing with scarcity.</ref>with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as the [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] in case investments in transportation have to be appraised. At the micro-economic level, transportation is linked to the costs of transportation for individual agents, while at a macroeconomic level the importance of transportation for an economy as a whole is assessed<ref>Rodrique, J.P. & T. Notteboom (2013): The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd Edition.</ref>.
 The economic impact of transportation is directly linked to the location of an urban object/environment. Locations with low levels of accessibility such as cities surrounded by mountains tend to have higher costs for many goods and services, limiting the welfare of individuals and society.

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 === Social ===
-High quality transport links ensure that communities can access basic services, facilities, and employment opportunities. The connectivity provided by such links promotes social inclusion can reduce social isolation and ultimately enhance quality of life.
+High quality transport links ensure that communities can access basic services, facilities, and employment opportunities. The connectivity provided by such links promotes social inclusion, can reduce social isolation, and enhances quality of life.
 From the social point of view, vulnerability assessment and deriving of resilience requirements for urban planning is a complex process in the case of transportation infrastructure. This is so because common indicators point into different directions based on the following checklists:

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 [[Category:Urban object]]
 [[File: Trans vehicles.jpg|right|200px|Transportation|link=]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport '''Transportation'''] means moving objects or people from one location to another.
-A '''transportation facility''' is an [[urban object]] designated to facilitating the movement of people, cattle, animals and [http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/cargo goods] from one location to another. Transportation is facilitated by [[Transport Infrastructure|transport infrastructure]].
+A '''transportation''' facility is an [[urban object]] designated to facilitating the movement of people, cattle, animals and [http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/cargo goods] from one location to another. Transportation is facilitated by [[Transport Infrastructure|transport infrastructure]].
 ==Description==

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 Transport is important because it enables communication, trade and other forms of exchange between people, that in turn establishes civilizations.
-Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution air pollution] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use use large amounts of land]. Good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl urban sprawl].
+Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution air pollution] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use use large amounts of land]. Good planning of transport is essential to manage traffic flows, and restrain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl urban sprawl]. Yet, transportation is generally very vulnerable for security threats. It is an attractive target because of its importance in society and the presence of large amounts of people or [[Crowd|crowds]].
-However, transportation is generally very vulnerable for security threats. It is an attractive target because of its importance in society and the presence of large amounts of people or [[Crowd|crowds]].
 == Functions ==

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 ! Transportation network object type !! Description !! Icon
 |-
-| Road network|| A series of roads connecting the constituents parts of the urban environment and its surrounding hinterland, and urban areas with the wider region and country. The road network consists of a range of different hierarchical standards of road (e.g. single street, dual carriageway, highway/motorway, etc).|| [[Image:Roadnetwork.jpg|center|x50px|Road network|link=Road network]]
+| [[Road network]]|| A series of roads connecting the constituents parts of the urban environment and its surrounding hinterland, and urban areas with the wider region and country. The road network consists of a range of different hierarchical standards of road (e.g. single street, dual carriageway, highway/motorway, etc).|| [[Image:Roadnetwork.jpg|center|x50px|Road network|link=Road network]]
 |-
-| Rail network || The rail network consists of the infrastructure connecting population nodes through a series of rail corridors. The rail network facilitates public transportation services, including train, metro and tram services. || [[Image:Railnetwork.jpg|center|x50px|Rail network|link=Rail network]]
+| [[Rail network]] || The rail network consists of the infrastructure connecting population nodes through a series of rail corridors. The rail network facilitates public transportation services, including train, metro and tram services. || [[Image:Railnetwork.jpg|center|x50px|Rail network|link=Rail network]]
 |-
 | [[Hub]]s ||A transport hub is a connection point in the wider transport network where the public can change transport modes. Hubs include stations [[Image:Station.jpg|border|x30px|Station|link=Hub#Stations]] for train, metro and tram systems, or sea/air ports [[Image:Port.jpg|border|x30px|Port|link=Hub#Port]] for water or air transport to change modality.|| [[Image:transporthub.jpg|center|x50px|Hubs|link=Hub]]