Social facilities, open and civic space - Revision history

Albert at 16:49, 12 February 2014

2014-02-12T16:49:12Z

Albert at 11:09, 3 January 2014

2014-01-03T11:09:02Z

Albert: Reverted edits by Albert (talk) to last revision by Olav

2014-01-03T11:06:18Z

Reverted edits by Albert (talk) to last revision by Olav

Albert: /* Description */

2014-01-03T11:05:45Z

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Albert: /* Description */

2014-01-03T10:52:43Z

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Olav at 09:09, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:09:37Z

Olav: /* Social */

2013-07-10T13:28:52Z

Social

Olav: /* Description */

2013-07-10T13:20:59Z

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Olav: /* Description */

2013-07-10T13:19:10Z

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Olav: /* Description */

2013-07-10T13:16:00Z

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 The scale of open space should be aligned with the level of attraction and accessibility (e.g. a large regional park should be proximate to a major transport interchange to facilitate use and visitation by large numbers).
-For large facilities such as [[Arenas and Sports Stadia|sports stadia]] that can attract large [[Crowd|crowds]] (travelling by all [[Modes of transport|modes]]), event management[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_management] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_control crowd control] can be applied.
+For large facilities such as sports stadiums that can attract large [[Crowd|crowds]] (travelling by all [[Modes of transport|modes]]), event management[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_management] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_control crowd control] can be applied.
 === Safety ===

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 | Open and civic space||Within Urban Securipedia, open and civic space includes: the '''public realm'''[[Image:Aminity public realm.jpg|border|x30px|Public realm|link=Open and civic space]] - Defined as public space including streets, pathways, parks, publicly accessible open spaces and any public/civic building and facilities;  '''urban squares''' [[Image:Urban square.jpg|border|x30px|Urban squares|link=Open and civic space]] - A planned open public space, usually rectangular in shape with clearly defined borders. These locations usually have significant footfall as public meeting places, concerts, markets or public rallies; and, '''public parks and recreation space'''[[Image:Public Park.jpg|border|x30px|Public Parks and recreation space|link=Open and civic space]] - Recreational space in the urban environment encompasses those areas which are publicly accessible and conducive to citizens refreshing their mind or body through passive or active activity. Recreation space can broadly be grouped as formal (e.g. playing fields, tennis courts, etc), informal (e.g. city parks, linear river walks, incidental open space within residential schemes, etc) and children's playing space (e.g. playgrounds).     || [[Image:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg|center|x50px|Open and civic space|link=Open and civic space]]
 |-
+| Community centres and cultural and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for cultural, social or recreational activities. It includes sports facilities and arenas or stadia, museums, theatres, concert venues or cinemas. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
-|-
-| Community centres and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, etc, in which sports activity and competition takes place. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
 |-
 | Religious or cultural || Religious [[urban object|urban objects]] include places of worship, religious education, and associated administration spaces. Collectively these facilities hold a sacred atmosphere of religious worship. A typical example would be a church or mosque. 'Cultural' facilities are classed as any structure used for activities promoting the arts, such as a museum or gallery. Within Urban Securipedia, both types are classed as one, given their similarities, not least the fact that they may attract medium sized crowds at specific occasions.  || [[Image:Church.jpg|center|x50px|Religious or cultural facilities|link=]]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | Open and civic space||Within Urban Securipedia, open and civic space includes: the '''public realm'''[[Image:Aminity public realm.jpg|border|x30px|Public realm|link=Open and civic space]] - Defined as public space including streets, pathways, parks, publicly accessible open spaces and any public/civic building and facilities;  '''urban squares''' [[Image:Urban square.jpg|border|x30px|Urban squares|link=Open and civic space]] - A planned open public space, usually rectangular in shape with clearly defined borders. These locations usually have significant footfall as public meeting places, concerts, markets or public rallies; and, '''public parks and recreation space'''[[Image:Public Park.jpg|border|x30px|Public Parks and recreation space|link=Open and civic space]] - Recreational space in the urban environment encompasses those areas which are publicly accessible and conducive to citizens refreshing their mind or body through passive or active activity. Recreation space can broadly be grouped as formal (e.g. playing fields, tennis courts, etc), informal (e.g. city parks, linear river walks, incidental open space within residential schemes, etc) and children's playing space (e.g. playgrounds).     || [[Image:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg|center|x50px|Open and civic space|link=Open and civic space]]
 |-
-| Community centres and cultural and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for cultural, social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, museums, theatres, concert veneus or cinemas. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
+|-
+| Community centres and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, etc, in which sports activity and competition takes place. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
 |-
 | Religious or cultural || Religious [[urban object|urban objects]] include places of worship, religious education, and associated administration spaces. Collectively these facilities hold a sacred atmosphere of religious worship. A typical example would be a church or mosque. 'Cultural' facilities are classed as any structure used for activities promoting the arts, such as a museum or gallery. Within Urban Securipedia, both types are classed as one, given their similarities, not least the fact that they may attract medium sized crowds at specific occasions.  || [[Image:Church.jpg|center|x50px|Religious or cultural facilities|link=]]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | Open and civic space||Within Urban Securipedia, open and civic space includes: the '''public realm'''[[Image:Aminity public realm.jpg|border|x30px|Public realm|link=Open and civic space]] - Defined as public space including streets, pathways, parks, publicly accessible open spaces and any public/civic building and facilities;  '''urban squares''' [[Image:Urban square.jpg|border|x30px|Urban squares|link=Open and civic space]] - A planned open public space, usually rectangular in shape with clearly defined borders. These locations usually have significant footfall as public meeting places, concerts, markets or public rallies; and, '''public parks and recreation space'''[[Image:Public Park.jpg|border|x30px|Public Parks and recreation space|link=Open and civic space]] - Recreational space in the urban environment encompasses those areas which are publicly accessible and conducive to citizens refreshing their mind or body through passive or active activity. Recreation space can broadly be grouped as formal (e.g. playing fields, tennis courts, etc), informal (e.g. city parks, linear river walks, incidental open space within residential schemes, etc) and children's playing space (e.g. playgrounds).     || [[Image:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg|center|x50px|Open and civic space|link=Open and civic space]]
 |-
+| Community centres and cultural and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for cultural, social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, museums, theatres, concert veneus or cinemas. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
-| Cultural Facilities
-| Cultural facilities are [[urban object]]s that provide for or form part of the cultural identity of a given area. Cultural facilities can be used to provide an insight into the cultural make up of a certain area, or to facilitate entertainment such as theatres, concert venues and cinemas. Typical examples of cultural facilities include museums, statues or public art, public or landmark structures, theatres, concert venues and cinemas.
-| [[Image:cultural facility.jpg|ecenter|x50px|Cultural facilities|link=]]
-|-
-| Community centres and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, etc, in which sports activity and competition takes place. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
 |-
 | Religious or cultural || Religious [[urban object|urban objects]] include places of worship, religious education, and associated administration spaces. Collectively these facilities hold a sacred atmosphere of religious worship. A typical example would be a church or mosque. 'Cultural' facilities are classed as any structure used for activities promoting the arts, such as a museum or gallery. Within Urban Securipedia, both types are classed as one, given their similarities, not least the fact that they may attract medium sized crowds at specific occasions.  || [[Image:Church.jpg|center|x50px|Religious or cultural facilities|link=]]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | Open and civic space||Within Urban Securipedia, open and civic space includes: the '''public realm'''[[Image:Aminity public realm.jpg|border|x30px|Public realm|link=Open and civic space]] - Defined as public space including streets, pathways, parks, publicly accessible open spaces and any public/civic building and facilities;  '''urban squares''' [[Image:Urban square.jpg|border|x30px|Urban squares|link=Open and civic space]] - A planned open public space, usually rectangular in shape with clearly defined borders. These locations usually have significant footfall as public meeting places, concerts, markets or public rallies; and, '''public parks and recreation space'''[[Image:Public Park.jpg|border|x30px|Public Parks and recreation space|link=Open and civic space]] - Recreational space in the urban environment encompasses those areas which are publicly accessible and conducive to citizens refreshing their mind or body through passive or active activity. Recreation space can broadly be grouped as formal (e.g. playing fields, tennis courts, etc), informal (e.g. city parks, linear river walks, incidental open space within residential schemes, etc) and children's playing space (e.g. playgrounds).     || [[Image:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg|center|x50px|Open and civic space|link=Open and civic space]]
 |-
+| Cultural Facilities
+| Cultural facilities are [[urban object]]s that provide for or form part of the cultural identity of a given area. Cultural facilities can be used to provide an insight into the cultural make up of a certain area, or to facilitate entertainment such as theatres, concert venues and cinemas. Typical examples of cultural facilities include museums, statues or public art, public or landmark structures, theatres, concert venues and cinemas.
+| [[Image:cultural facility.jpg|ecenter|x50px|Cultural facilities|link=]]
 |-
 | Community centres and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, etc, in which sports activity and competition takes place. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 12 July 2013
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	[[File:AMENITY,_OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg\|right\|200x200px\|link=]]Social facilities, open and civic space are [[urban object]]s which provide for the recreational requirements of an urban area, its citizens, workers and visitors.		[[File:AMENITY,_OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg\|right\|200x200px\|link=]]'''Social facilities, open and civic space''' are [[urban object]]s which provide for the recreational requirements of an urban area, its citizens, workers and visitors.

	== Description ==		== Description ==

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 In the case of social facilities, open and civic space, societal security should be a natural frame of reference for identification of vulnerability and enhancement of resilience.
-Social facilities, open and civic space, when properly designed and maintained can play an important local role in bringing communities together, hardening them against harm.  As a meeting place, these spaces can promote social cohesion, shape the cultural identity of an area, and provide a sense of place for local communities. However, bringing many people together in one place can also increase vulnerability.
+Social facilities, open and civic space, when properly designed and maintained can play an important local role in bringing communities together, making them resiliant against harm.  As a meeting place, these spaces can promote social cohesion, shape the cultural identity of an area, and provide a sense of beloning for local communities. However, bringing many people together in one place may increase vulnerability as well.
-In particular for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice must therefore incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements, including from the societal point of view. Vulnerability assessment should thus take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community.
+Specifically for this type of urban objects, urban planning practice has to incorporate appropriate security measures for vulnerability identification and resilience enhancements, including those from a societal point of view. Vulnerability assessment should take place based on different sets of indicators, from physical to social, and across several levels of reference, from individual to cultural community.
-We know, for example, that citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> This is an aspect of general [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]]. Another aspect is that social facilities, open and civic space can also be associated with perception of own capability to control the infrastructure, which decreases citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>
+It is known, for example, that citizens' felt risk to urban infrastructure and need to protect can be influenced according to ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners).<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166.</ref> This is an aspect of [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|types of impact of critical infrastructure failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]]. Another aspect is that social facilities, open and civic space can also be associated with perception of one's own capability to control the infrastructure, which decreases citizens' felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect.<ref>Cf. Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>
 Vulnerability assessment and reduction in urban planning should thus involve awareness building, at the same time appreciating citizens' views as those of the end-users of such type of urban objects. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for [[citizen participation]] that can serve these objectives.

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 |}
-Social facilities, open and civic space are generally provided for the community of an urban area to fulfil a range of requirements for the residents and citizens of urban areas, primarily in the field of supporting recreation and social functions. Some of the facilities, gathered under the term 'open and civil space' are designed to also fulfil the function of connecting different parts of the urban area, allowing people to move freely between them (civic space, the public realm[[Image:Aminity public realm.jpg|border|x30px|Public realm|link=Open and civic space]], and urban squares[[Image:Urban square.jpg|border|x30px|Urban squares|link=Open and civic space]]), and areas for recreational purposes (amenity and open space such as public parkland[[Image:Public Park.jpg|border|x30px|Public Park|link=Open and civic space]]). Other social facilities, like Facilities for religious or cultural requirements[[Image:Church.jpg|border|x30px|Religious and cultural facilities|link=]]), Public monuments [[Image:AmenityMonument.jpg|border|x30px|Public monuments|link=]] and Community centres and sports facilities[[Image:Sport facility.jpg|border|x30px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]] usually do not support this additional function.
+Social facilities, open and civic space are generally provided for the community of an urban area to fulfil a range of requirements for the residents and citizens of urban areas, primarily in the field of supporting recreation and social functions. Some of the facilities, gathered under the term 'open and civil space' are designed to also fulfil the function of connecting different parts of the urban area, allowing people to move freely between them (civic space, the public realm[[Image:Aminity public realm.jpg|border|x30px|Public realm|link=Open and civic space]], and urban squares[[Image:Urban square.jpg|border|x30px|Urban squares|link=Open and civic space]]), and areas for recreational purposes (amenity and open space such as public parkland[[Image:Public Park.jpg|border|x30px|Public Park|link=Open and civic space]]). Other social facilities, like religious or cultural structures [[Image:Church.jpg|border|x30px|Religious and cultural facilities|link=]]), public monuments [[Image:AmenityMonument.jpg|border|x30px|Public monuments|link=]], community centres and sports facilities[[Image:Sport facility.jpg|border|x30px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]] usually do not support this additional function.
 == Functions ==

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 | Community centres and sports facilities || This type of [[urban object]] includes all facilities where large crowds may be present for social or recreational activities, and arenas or stadia, etc, in which sports activity and competition takes place. || [[Image:Sport facility.jpg|center|x50px|Community centres and sports facilities|link=]]
 |-
-| Religious or cultural || Religious or cultural [[urban object|urban objects]] include religious worship and education spaces, and associated administration spaces. Collectively these facilities hold a sacred atmosphere of religious worship. A typical example would be a church or cathedral. 'Cultural' facilities are classed as any building/structure used for activities promoting the arts, such as a museum or gallery. Within Urban Securipedia, both types are classed as one, given their similarities, not least the fact that they may attract medium sized crowds at specific occasions.  || [[Image:Church.jpg|center|x50px|Religious or cultural facilities|link=]]
+| Religious or cultural || Religious [[urban object|urban objects]] include places of worship, religious education, and associated administration spaces. Collectively these facilities hold a sacred atmosphere of religious worship. A typical example would be a church or mosque. 'Cultural' facilities are classed as any structure used for activities promoting the arts, such as a museum or gallery. Within Urban Securipedia, both types are classed as one, given their similarities, not least the fact that they may attract medium sized crowds at specific occasions.  || [[Image:Church.jpg|center|x50px|Religious or cultural facilities|link=]]
 |-
 | Public monuments || These [[urban object|urban objects]] are used to commemorate a person or significant event in the city or national history (and therefore have a certain symbolic value, and are potentially an inherent target for criminals) || [[Image:AmenityMonument.jpg|center|x50px|Public monuments|link=]]