Security threat: mitigations - Revision history

Puck: /* EU Prevention Strategies */

2021-05-28T10:01:07Z

EU Prevention Strategies

Puck: /* EU Prevention Strategies */

2021-05-28T09:59:34Z

EU Prevention Strategies

Puck at 15:41, 23 November 2020

2020-11-23T15:41:14Z

Puck at 09:32, 20 November 2020

2020-11-20T09:32:23Z

Puck: Intro tekst

2020-11-19T13:19:26Z

Intro tekst

Puck at 13:49, 13 November 2020

2020-11-13T13:49:27Z

Puck at 13:49, 13 November 2020

2020-11-13T13:49:10Z

Puck at 13:12, 13 November 2020

2020-11-13T13:12:10Z

Puck at 10:38, 12 November 2020

2020-11-12T10:38:17Z

Puck at 10:28, 12 November 2020

2020-11-12T10:28:02Z

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ==EU Prevention Strategies==
-The four pillars of the EU’s Counter-Terrorism strategy (prevent, protect, pursue and respond) constitute a comprehensive, accurate and proportionate response against international terrorist threats. The EU Prevention Strategy requires work at national, European and international levels to prevent and reduce terrorist attacks worldwide and create resilience as opposed to vulnerability. The EU funds different [[EU programs|programs]], such as Horizon 2020, FP7, Internal Security Fund Police, to support research and implementation of prevention strategies.
+The four pillars of the EU’s Counter-Terrorism strategy (prevent, protect, pursue and respond) constitute a comprehensive, accurate and proportionate response against international terrorist threats. The EU Prevention Strategy requires work at national, European and international levels to prevent and reduce terrorist attacks worldwide and create resilience as opposed to vulnerability. The EU funds different EU funding [[EU programs|programs]], such as Horizon 2020, FP7, Internal Security Fund Police, to support research and implementation of prevention strategies.
 ====Horizon Europe====

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 [[Public space]] is generally open and accessible to members of the public, such as roads, parks and municipal buildings. Public space includes semi-public spaces, such as train stations, and privately-owned spaces such as shopping malls. Some areas in public space, where large crowds form, might be considered by a municipality as having a higher risk of a terrorist attack than others. These busy areas generally appear because of some specific activity in the area, such as people visiting a concert or commuters at a train station. Public areas that are vulnerable to terrorism (or other crime) can be considered as “[[soft targets]]”. The EU project [[PRoTECT research project|PRoTECT]] has developed a manual to [[Vulnerability assessment of the EU PRoTECT project|asses]] vulnerabilities of public spaces and [[Evaluation process of PRoTECT|evaluated]] [[Measures|solutions]] to mitigate and thus protect these public spaces.
-===EU Prevention Strategies===
+==EU Prevention Strategies==
 The four pillars of the EU’s Counter-Terrorism strategy (prevent, protect, pursue and respond) constitute a comprehensive, accurate and proportionate response against international terrorist threats. The EU Prevention Strategy requires work at national, European and international levels to prevent and reduce terrorist attacks worldwide and create resilience as opposed to vulnerability. The EU funds different [[EU programs|programs]], such as Horizon 2020, FP7, Internal Security Fund Police, to support research and implementation of prevention strategies.

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 The ISF Police component of the Internal Security Fund will contribute to ensuring a high level of security in the EU. Within this general objective, the Funds' activities will focus on achieving two specific objectives:
-*Fight against crime: combating cross-border, serious and organized crime including terrorism, and reinforcing coordination and cooperation between law enforcement authorities and other national authorities of EU States, including with EUROPOL and other relevant EU bodies, and with relevant non-EU and international organizations;
+*Fight against crime: combating cross-border, serious and organised crime including terrorism, and reinforcing coordination and cooperation between law enforcement authorities and other national authorities of EU States, including with EUROPOL and other relevant EU bodies, and with relevant non-EU and international organisations;
 *Managing risk and crisis: enhancing the capacity of EU States and the Union for managing effectively security-related risk and crisis, and preparing for protecting people and critical infrastructure against terrorist attacks and other security related incidents.<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/financing/fundings/security-and-safeguarding-liberties/internal-security-fund-police_en</ref>
-=====PRoTECT=====
+=====EU ISFP PRoTECT=====
 The EU [[PRoTECT research project|PRoTECT]] project is funded by the ISF Police component. PRoTECT stands for Public Resilience using Technology to Counter Terrorism and aims to strengthen local authorities’ capabilities in Public Protection by putting in place an overarching concept where tools, technology, training and field demonstrations will lead to situational awareness and improve direct responses to secure public places pre, in, and after a terrorist threat. This cross sectoral project is an initiative of the Core group of the European Network of Law Enforcement Technology Services (ENLETS).<ref>https://protect-cities.eu/</ref>
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 *Security threats: [[Security threat: actors|actors]]
-== Footnotes and references ==
+==Footnotes and references==
 <references />

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 *Security threats: [[Security threat: actors|actors]]
-<br /><references />
+== Footnotes and references ==
+<references />

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+Mitigating and preventing crime can happen before, during and the act (to prevent it from happening again). The prevention of criminal acts often has a two-dimensional basis. When looking at the development phase of the criminal act itself and the type of actor, different types of prevention techniques can be used. Measures can either target the first dimension, being the target group (criminal actors, specific situations or potential victims) or target the second dimension, being the criminal act phase. Three phases can be distinguished in the development of a criminal acts. Within the primary phase, general precautionary measures can be used to prevent crime, targeting all actors, situations and victims. Secondary prevention can be used when the first symptoms of a specific type of act emerge, such as early interventions for violent adolescents. Tertiary measures for the prevention of criminal acts are used when the problem is occurring, in order to mitigate an active problem.
-{Intro text}
+Preventing is better than healing. By using different types of analyses, registered criminal activity can be used to predict criminal acts in the future. Brantingham and Brantingham described the predictive dimensions of crime. A crime always has a legal dimension (a law must be broken), a victim dimension (something or someone will be targeted), an offender dimension (an actor to commit the crime) and a spatio-temporal dimension (a crime will always take place at a certain location and at a certain time). These four elements, regarding the environmental aspects of crime, seem to show a steady pattern over time, for all criminal acts, and therefore a large part of criminal acts can be predicted.<ref>Brantingham, P.J. and Brantingham, P.L. (1981). Environmental Criminology. London: SAGE Publications.</ref>
 ==Analyzing: environmental criminology==
 ===Environmental criminology===
+Environmental criminology is the study of the patterns of crime in space and time. Brantingham and Brantingham, the founding theorists of environmental criminology, in 1981 described how a committed crime always has four elements. These four elements can be analyzed separately or together. Using geographical information systems (GIS), patterns in the distribution of crime locations can be analyzed to localize hot spots (increased aggregations of crime locations) or to calculate the most likely location of a perpetrator.<ref>Chainey, S. & Ratcliffe, J. (2005). ''GIS and Crime Mapping''. West Sussex: Wiley.</ref>
-'''''Environmental Criminology''''' regarding terrorist attacks has mostly focused on finding spatial and temporal clusters. Most pertinent are recent findings in a study of Marchment, Bouhana and Gill (2020), illustrating that terrorists display similar distance-to-crime patterns as other perpetrators. This means that proven preventive strategies such as correlated walk analysis (predicting an individuals’ movements) and using GEO-ict techniques to predict the living area of a perpetrator would also be applicable in tracking down a terrorist attacker³.
+GIS are often used to analyze burglary, serial offenders, human trafficking routes and other types of crimes that occur concentrated in both time and space.
+Environmental Criminology regarding terrorist attacks, one of the largest security threats, has mostly focused on finding spatial and temporal clusters. Most pertinent are recent findings in a study of Marchment, Bouhana and Gill (2020)<ref>Marchment, Z. , Bouhana, N. & Gill, P. (2020). ''Lone Actor Terrorists: A Residence-to-Crime Approach,'' Terrorism and Political Violence, 32:7, 1413-1438, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2018.1481050</ref>, illustrating that terrorists display similar distance-to-crime patterns as other perpetrators. This means that proven preventive strategies such as correlated walk analysis (predicting an individuals’ movements) and using GEO-ict techniques to predict the living area of a perpetrator would also be applicable in tracking down a terrorist attacker.<ref>Marchment, Z. , Bouhana, N. & Gill, P. (2020). ''Lone Actor Terrorists: A Residence-to-Crime Approach,'' Terrorism and Political Violence, 32:7, 1413-1438, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2018.1481050</ref>
 ===Routine activities===

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 Here you can find the other security threats related pages:
-* Security threats: [[Security threat: acts|acts]]
+*Security threats: [[Security threat: acts|acts]]
-* Security threats: [[Security threat: actors|actors]]<br />
+*Security threats: [[Security threat: actors|actors]]
-<references />
+<br /><references />

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 ===Protecting public spaces===
-[[Public space]] is generally open and accessible to members of the public, such as roads, parks and municipal buildings. Public space includes semi-public spaces, such as train stations, and privately-owned spaces such as shopping malls. Some areas in public space, where large crowds form, might be considered by a municipality as having a higher risk of a terrorist attack than others. These busy areas generally appear because of some specific activity in the area, such as people visiting a concert or commuters at a train station. Public areas that are vulnerable to terrorism (or other crime) can be considered as “[[soft targets]]”. The EU project [[PRoTECT research project|PRoTECT]] has developed a manual to [[Vulnerability assessment of the EU PRoTECT project|asses]] vulnerabilities of public spaces and [[Evaluation process of PRoTECT|evaluated solutions]] to mitigate and thus protect these public spaces.
+[[Public space]] is generally open and accessible to members of the public, such as roads, parks and municipal buildings. Public space includes semi-public spaces, such as train stations, and privately-owned spaces such as shopping malls. Some areas in public space, where large crowds form, might be considered by a municipality as having a higher risk of a terrorist attack than others. These busy areas generally appear because of some specific activity in the area, such as people visiting a concert or commuters at a train station. Public areas that are vulnerable to terrorism (or other crime) can be considered as “[[soft targets]]”. The EU project [[PRoTECT research project|PRoTECT]] has developed a manual to [[Vulnerability assessment of the EU PRoTECT project|asses]] vulnerabilities of public spaces and [[Evaluation process of PRoTECT|evaluated]] [[Measures|solutions]] to mitigate and thus protect these public spaces.
 ===EU Prevention Strategies===