Security issue: Raid - Revision history

Hans: /* Social impact */

2013-12-10T11:36:33Z

Social impact

Hans: /* Social impact */

2013-12-10T11:34:44Z

Social impact

Hans: /* Social impact */

2013-12-10T11:33:49Z

Social impact

Hans: /* Social impact */

2013-12-10T11:28:02Z

Social impact

John P: /* Measures */

2013-11-15T15:35:47Z

Measures

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T15:34:23Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Measures */

2013-11-15T15:33:19Z

Measures

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T15:32:41Z

Economic impact

Olav: /* Mobility impact */

2013-07-29T10:59:02Z

Mobility impact

Olav: /* Social impact */

2013-07-29T10:55:49Z

Social impact

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 The social effect of becoming a victim of a raid is that he event and its aftermath can affect ones daily life. It may be that victims lose their patience faster. For example, they are short with their kids or replying annoyed when others ask something. They may earn less if they cannot go to work and may lose social contact because of that.
-The stress related rection in the aftermath could be:
+The stress related reaction in the aftermath could be:
 *Physical reactions: drowsiness, tension, insomnia and headaches.

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 The stress related rection in the aftermath could be:
-==Physical reactions: drowsiness, tension, insomnia and headaches.
+*Physical reactions: drowsiness, tension, insomnia and headaches.
-==Emotional reactions: crying.
+*Emotional reactions: crying.
-==Continue working on it: at unexpected moments come unpleasant memories of the event up. You may have nightmares.
+*Continue working on it: at unexpected moments come unpleasant memories of the event up. You may have nightmares.
-Wary and easily startled: you are alert to new danger in your area and jumpy, such as loud noises.
+*Wary and easily startled: you are alert to new danger in your area and jumpy, such as loud noises.
-Fatigue and poor sleep: think much about the event takes energy.
+*Fatigue and poor sleep: think much about the event takes energy.
-Loss of patience and concentration: you are irritable. It may also be that you have trouble concentrating or forget.
+*Loss of patience and concentration: you are irritable. It may also be that you have trouble concentrating or forget.
-You are going out of the way places or situations that have to do with the event. It may also be that you are going to work hard, or other distractions are looking to not have to think of the event.
+*You are going out of the way places or situations that have to do with the event. It may also be that you are going to work hard, or other distractions are looking to not have to think of the event.
-Feelings of guilt and shame.
+*Feelings of guilt and shame.
 ===Economic impact===

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 A raid is a serious crime because it always involves some form of threat or violence. Victims can financially and psychologically suffer much damage from a robbery. An entrepreneur can be a victim himself, but also employees and customers may struggle with the consequences of a raid. Keep the risk of a raid therefore as small as possible and make your business unattractive to robbers. Psychological problems resulting from victimization may not only affect the employee’s subsequent workplace performance, but may affect the store’s daily operations as well.<ref>Most victims’ organizations agree that immediate intervention and support after a victim endures a robbery is beneficial to the victim’s recovery, yet statistics show that of the 86,000 robbery victims (irrespective of location of victimization) in 1991, only 4 percent of the reported robbery victims were treated by mental health care providers (National Center for Victims of Crime 1997).</ref>
-The social effect of becoming a victim a raid is that he event and its aftermath can affect ones daily life. It may be that victims lose their patience faster. For example, they are short with their kids or replying annoyed when others ask something. They may earn less if they cannot go to work and may lose social contact because of that.
+The social effect of becoming a victim of a raid is that he event and its aftermath can affect ones daily life. It may be that victims lose their patience faster. For example, they are short with their kids or replying annoyed when others ask something. They may earn less if they cannot go to work and may lose social contact because of that.
+The stress related rection in the aftermath could be:
+==Physical reactions: drowsiness, tension, insomnia and headaches.
+==Emotional reactions: crying.
+==Continue working on it: at unexpected moments come unpleasant memories of the event up. You may have nightmares.
+Wary and easily startled: you are alert to new danger in your area and jumpy, such as loud noises.
+Fatigue and poor sleep: think much about the event takes energy.
+Loss of patience and concentration: you are irritable. It may also be that you have trouble concentrating or forget.
+You are going out of the way places or situations that have to do with the event. It may also be that you are going to work hard, or other distractions are looking to not have to think of the event.
+Feelings of guilt and shame.
 ===Economic impact===

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 == Impacts ==
 === Social impact ===
-Victim employees can suffer psychological harm. "Secondary victimization" can occur when employers, managers, employees, or those responding to the robbery fail to acknowledge the victim's trauma. This may result from not believing the victim's description of the attack, discounting the incident, and blaming or criticizing the victim. Psychological problems resulting from victimization may not only affect the employee’s subsequent workplace performance, but may affect the store’s daily operations as well.<ref>Most victims’ organizations agree that immediate intervention and support after a victim endures a robbery is beneficial to the victim’s recovery, yet statistics show that of the 86,000 robbery victims (irrespective of location of victimization) in 1991, only 4 percent of the reported robbery victims were treated by mental health care providers (National Center for Victims of Crime 1997).</ref>
+A raid is a serious crime because it always involves some form of threat or violence. Victims can financially and psychologically suffer much damage from a robbery. An entrepreneur can be a victim himself, but also employees and customers may struggle with the consequences of a raid. Keep the risk of a raid therefore as small as possible and make your business unattractive to robbers. Psychological problems resulting from victimization may not only affect the employee’s subsequent workplace performance, but may affect the store’s daily operations as well.<ref>Most victims’ organizations agree that immediate intervention and support after a victim endures a robbery is beneficial to the victim’s recovery, yet statistics show that of the 86,000 robbery victims (irrespective of location of victimization) in 1991, only 4 percent of the reported robbery victims were treated by mental health care providers (National Center for Victims of Crime 1997).</ref>
+The social effect of becoming a victim a raid is that he event and its aftermath can affect ones daily life. It may be that victims lose their patience faster. For example, they are short with their kids or replying annoyed when others ask something. They may earn less if they cannot go to work and may lose social contact because of that.
 ===Economic impact===

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 *[[Measure: Facilitating compliance|Facilitating compliance]] can decrease the risk of raid by promoting legitimate activities at times when risk is highest, which encourages good customer behaviour and, offers a source of natural guardianship by increasing the presence of legitimate customers. For instance, store owner could do this by offering free coffee to invite legitimate late-night traffic. Urban planners can influence the present types of customers over a day by carefully considering the mix of establishments. A cinema, for example, could attract a constant presence of legitimate customers during the evening/night.
-Enthorf and Spengler(2002)<ref>Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002): Crime in Europe; Causes and Con-sequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin</ref> find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery (raids) and violence respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime. According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.
+Economists Enthorf and Spengler(2002)<ref>Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002): Crime in Europe; Causes and Con-sequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin</ref> find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery (raids) and violence respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime. According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.
 {{references}}

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 Raids not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also have an [[Secondary economic impact|indirect]] economic impact. First of all, commercial venues that have been a victim of robbery or raids, may lead to a loss of customers sales<ref name="poprobbery">[http://www.popcenter.org/problems/robbery_convenience/ Altizio Alicia and York Diana, Robbery of Convenience Stores, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Guide No. 49, April 2007]</ref>. Next to that, frequently raided venues can have problems with attracting and maintaining employees, increasing wage costs<ref name="poprobbery"/>. Another effect of frequent robberies and raids on commercial venues can be that venue owners are forced to increase prices for merchandise or limit opening hours. On a more local and regional level, frequent raids can have a negative impact on business in general, the amount and quality of commercial and social venues, quality of life and tourism.
-[[Measures|Security measures]] mitigate the economic costs of security threats, but also demand investment in time and money, for example, security costs (cameras, guards) or the costs of money transports (to avoid too much cash in the stores). At the same time, certain security measures like closed roller shutters that do not create a welcome environment, can reduce the quality of the area, causing damage to local business and tourism, etc. These so-called indirect [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|economic impact of security measures]] are explained in more detail elsewhere in Securipedia. On top of that, raiders will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the economics of criminal behaviour. Raiders of convenient stores, for example, will tend to disguise themselves in order to circumvent surveillance equipment<ref>M. Scott (2001): Robbery at Automated Teller Machines. Guide No.8. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific situation.
+[[Measures|Security measures]] mitigate the economic costs of security threats, but also demand investment in time and money, for example, security costs (cameras, guards) or the costs of money transports (to avoid too much cash in the stores). At the same time, certain security measures like closed roller shutters that do not create a welcome environment, can reduce the quality of the area, causing damage to local business and tourism, etc. These so-called indirect [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|economic impact of security measures]] are explained in more detail elsewhere in Securipedia. On top of that, raiders will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the economics of criminal behaviour. Raiders of convenient stores, for example, will tend to disguise themselves in order to circumvent surveillance equipment<ref>M. Scott (2001): Robbery at Automated Teller Machines. Guide No.8. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific situation.
 ===Mobility impact===

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ===Economic impact===
-Just like [[Robbery|robberies]], raids have a considerable [[Economic effects of crime|economic impact (of crime)]]. Apart from the lost revenues, merchandise and damage, the [[Primary economic impact|direct]] costs of raids are primarily the result of physical and emotional harm inflicted to employees, venue managers, or venue owners. Convenience store raids, for instance,  frequently lead to injuries inflicted to present employees, leading to an increase in compensation costs, legal expenses and working time losses. According to the  National Center for Victims of Crime (2000),“the average cost to employers of a single episode of workplace violence can amount to $250,000 in lost work time and legal expenses"<ref>Source: Center for Problem-Oriented Policing (2007). Robbery of Convenience Stores. Guide No.49.</ref>. Raids also force venue owners to take preventive security measures such as insurances, DNA Sprays, the reduction of large amounts of cash, etc.<ref>Insurance fees can be expensive for independent venue owners, especially in case of repeat victimisation.</ref> Finally, also public authorities will spend time and money on the investigation, prosecution, prevention, support, trial, and supervision of offenders.
+Just like [[Robbery|robberies]], raids have a considerable [[Economic effects of crime|economic impact (of crime)]]. Apart from the lost revenues, merchandise and damage, the [[Primary economic impact|direct]] costs of raids are primarily the result of physical and emotional harm inflicted to employees, venue managers, or venue owners. Convenience store raids, for instance,  frequently lead to injuries inflicted to present employees, leading to an increase in compensation costs, legal expenses and working time losses. According to the  National Center for Victims of Crime (2000),“the average cost to employers of a single episode of workplace violence can amount to $250,000 in lost work time and legal expenses"<ref>Center for Problem-Oriented Policing (2007): Robbery of Convenience Stores. Guide No.49.</ref>. Raids also force venue owners to take preventive security measures such as insurances, DNA Sprays, the reduction of large amounts of cash, etc.<ref>Insurance fees can be expensive for independent venue owners, especially in case of repeat victimisation.</ref> Finally, also public authorities will spend time and money on the investigation, prosecution, prevention, support, trial, and supervision of offenders.
-Raids not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also have an [[Secondary economic impact|indirect]] economic impact. First of all, commercial venues that have been a victim of robbery or raids, may lead to a loss of customers sales<ref name="poprobbery">[http://www.popcenter.org/problems/robbery_convenience/ Altizio Alicia and York Diana, ''Robbery of Convenience Stores'', Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Guide No. 49, April 2007]</ref>. Next to that, frequently raided venues can have problems with attracting and maintaining employees, increasing wage costs<ref name="poprobbery"/>. Another effect of frequent robberies and raids on commercial venues can be that venue owners are forced to increase prices for merchandise or limit opening hours. On a more local and regional level, frequent raids can have a negative impact on business in general, the amount and quality of commercial and social venues, quality of life and tourism.
+Raids not only leads to financial or physical damage and prevention costs, but also have an [[Secondary economic impact|indirect]] economic impact. First of all, commercial venues that have been a victim of robbery or raids, may lead to a loss of customers sales<ref name="poprobbery">[http://www.popcenter.org/problems/robbery_convenience/ Altizio Alicia and York Diana, Robbery of Convenience Stores, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Guide No. 49, April 2007]</ref>. Next to that, frequently raided venues can have problems with attracting and maintaining employees, increasing wage costs<ref name="poprobbery"/>. Another effect of frequent robberies and raids on commercial venues can be that venue owners are forced to increase prices for merchandise or limit opening hours. On a more local and regional level, frequent raids can have a negative impact on business in general, the amount and quality of commercial and social venues, quality of life and tourism.
-[[Measures|Security measures]] mitigate the economic costs of security threats, but also demand investment in time and money, for example, security costs (cameras, guards) or the costs of money transports (to avoid too much cash in the stores). At the same time, certain security measures like closed roller shutters that do not create a welcome environment, can reduce the quality of the area, causing damage to local business and tourism, etc. These so-called indirect [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|economic impact of security measures]] are explained in more detail elsewhere in Securipedia. On top of that, raiders will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the economics of criminal behaviour. Raiders of convenient stores, for example, will tend to disguise themselves in order to circumvent surveillance equipment<ref>M. Scott (2001). Robbery at Automated Teller Machines. Guide No.8. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific situation.
+[[Measures|Security measures]] mitigate the economic costs of security threats, but also demand investment in time and money, for example, security costs (cameras, guards) or the costs of money transports (to avoid too much cash in the stores). At the same time, certain security measures like closed roller shutters that do not create a welcome environment, can reduce the quality of the area, causing damage to local business and tourism, etc. These so-called indirect [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|economic impact of security measures]] are explained in more detail elsewhere in Securipedia. On top of that, raiders will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the economics of criminal behaviour. Raiders of convenient stores, for example, will tend to disguise themselves in order to circumvent surveillance equipment<ref>M. Scott (2001): Robbery at Automated Teller Machines. Guide No.8. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific situation.
 ===Mobility impact===

@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ===Mobility impact===
-The convictor of a raid needs a form of mobility to leave the place of the raid as soon as possible after the crime. He can for example prepare this by putting a car (with a driver) close by the location of the crime. One can take measures to hamper this, for example, by not making parking places close by raid sensitive locations such as banks.
+The convictor of a raid needs a form of mobility to leave the place of the raid as soon as possible after the crime. He can, for example, prepare this by placing a car (possibly with driver) close by the location of the crime. One can take measures to hamper  covictor's escape by not making parking places close by raid sensitive locations such as banks, or by guarded parking places.
 ===Safety impact===