Security issue: Pickpocketing - Revision history

Albert: /* Contributing circumstances */

2014-05-12T11:49:54Z

Contributing circumstances

Albert: /* Contributing circumstances */

2013-08-20T14:10:29Z

Contributing circumstances

Olav: /* Mobility impact */

2013-08-20T09:15:53Z

Mobility impact

Olav: /* Social impact */

2013-07-29T10:30:10Z

Social impact

Olav at 09:58, 29 July 2013

2013-07-29T09:58:07Z

Alexander: /* Social impact */

2013-06-27T16:06:03Z

Social impact

Florian at 09:09, 26 June 2013

2013-06-26T09:09:02Z

Gerdien: /* Mobility impact */

2013-04-09T11:32:14Z

Mobility impact

Albert: Text replace - "Reaction force" to "Intervention force"

2013-03-27T11:32:10Z

Text replace - "Reaction force" to "Intervention force"

Albert: Text replace - "reaction force" to "intervention force"

2013-03-27T11:16:50Z

Text replace - "reaction force" to "intervention force"

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 ! width=150 | Contributing Circumstance !!width=150| Influence !! Description
 |-
-| Lack of surveillance. || Decreases risk of detection. || A low level of surveillance, particularly round-the-clock surveillance, decreases the perceived risk of detection for a perpetrator and thereby increases the attractiveness.
+| Lack of surveillance. || Decreases risk of detection. || A perceived low level of surveillance, particularly round-the-clock surveillance, decreases the perceived risk of detection for a perpetrator and thereby increases the attractiveness.
 |-
 | Long reaction times or inadequate action of intervention force. || Decreases likelihood of apprehension || Untimely or inappropriate reactions to violence lead to a perception of little control, which will increase perceived risk for the public and decrease perceived risk for the perpetrators.

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 | Long reaction times or inadequate action of intervention force. || Decreases likelihood of apprehension || Untimely or inappropriate reactions to violence lead to a perception of little control, which will increase perceived risk for the public and decrease perceived risk for the perpetrators.
 |-
-| High levels of pickpocketing in the environment. || Increases likelihood of targeting. || Pickpocketers will travel to attractive locations, but typically not too far.<ref>reference not found</ref> The existence of successful pickpockets in the wider area (a radius of about 5 km), is an indication to assume the threat might also apply to the location at hand.
+| High levels of pickpocketing in the environment. || Increases likelihood of targeting. || Pickpocketers will travel to attractive locations. The existence of successful pickpockets in the wider area (a radius of about 5 km), is an indication to assume the threat might also apply to the location at hand.
 |-
 | High levels of unemployment || Increases likelihood of targeting || High levels of unemployment are associated with higher levels of property crime<ref>Weatherburn Don, Riots, ''Policing and Social Disadvantage: Learning from the Riots in Macquarie Fields and Redfern'', Current Issues in Criminal Justice Volume 18 Number 1, July 2006</ref>.

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 In order to reduce the risk, one can use [[Measure: Surveillance|surveillance]] by mounting camera's inside stations and create awareness of the travellers, for example with warning posters and warning broadcasting inside trains. Also guards can be deployed inside stations and trains.
-Also crowd management measures may be used to reduce risk of pickpocketing, e.g. by better [[Directing flows of people|directing flows of people]], flows can be structured and the density of crowds can be reduced.
+Also crowd management measures may be used to reduce risk of pickpocketing, e.g. by better [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|directing flows of people]], flows can be structured and the density of crowds can be reduced.
 ===Safety impact===

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 == Impacts ==
 ===Social impact===
-Pickpocketing can increase citizens' perception of insecurity. Urban environments with a high rate of pickpocketing will be seen as less attractive places for the public to frequent or visit. Public transport nodes and services, together with areas where there are large crowds (such as busy shopping streets or market squares), can become less comfortable places to be when users are aware there is a high rate of pickpocketing. Different parts of society (e.g., tourists) are often targeted by pickpockets more than others, due to a lack of familiarity with the context of the area, and to a likelihood of their attention being distracted (e.g. taking photographs).
+Pickpocketing can increase citizens' perception of insecurity. Urban environments with a high rate of pickpocketing will be seen as less attractive places for the public to frequently visit. Public transport nodes and services, together with areas where there are large crowds (such as busy shopping streets or market squares), can become less comfortable places to be when users are aware there is a high rate of pickpocketing. Some strata of society are targeted more often by pickpockets others. Tourists for example are often victems of pickpocketing due to a lack of familiarity with the area, the societal context, and to a likelihood of their attention being distracted (e.g. taking photographs).
 === Economic impact===

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 [[Category:Threat]][[Category:Safety]]
-[[image:pickpocketing.jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|Lifting a wallet from a handbag without being noticed, a classic example of pickpocketing]]'''Pickpocketing''' is a form of [[theft]] that involves the stealing of [[valuables]] from a the person of a victim without their noticing the theft at the time.
+[[image:pickpocketing.jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|Lifting a wallet from a handbag without being noticed, a classic example of pickpocketing]]'''Pickpocketing''' is a form of [[theft]] that involves the stealing of [[valuables]] from a person without him noticing the theft at the time.
 == Description ==
-Pickpocketing is an issue that is especially present in large cities, where crowds of people are omnipresent and distractions are plentiful. Although Barcelona and Rome were recently singled out as being particularly dangerous pickpocketing havens.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215982/Barcelona-pickpocket-capital-world.html "Barcelona, pickpocket capital of the world "], ''The Daily Mail'', September 25, 2009</ref><ref>[http://journals.worldnomads.com/safetyhub/story/69750/Italy/Italy-1-for-Pickpockets "Italy - #1 for Pickpockets"], WorldNomads.com, October 20, 2011</ref><ref>[http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/tripadvisor/37974/ "TRIPADVISOR POINTS OUT TOP 10 PLACES WORLDWIDE TO BEWARE PICKPOCKETS"], TripAdvisor, September 10, 2009</ref>, pickpockets may be found in any crowded place around the world.
+Pickpocketing is an issue that is especially present in large cities, where crowds of people are present and distractions are plentiful. Although Barcelona and Rome were recently singled out as being particularly dangerous pickpocketing havens.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215982/Barcelona-pickpocket-capital-world.html "Barcelona, pickpocket capital of the world "], ''The Daily Mail'', September 25, 2009</ref><ref>[http://journals.worldnomads.com/safetyhub/story/69750/Italy/Italy-1-for-Pickpockets "Italy - #1 for Pickpockets"], WorldNomads.com, October 20, 2011</ref><ref>[http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/tripadvisor/37974/ "TRIPADVISOR POINTS OUT TOP 10 PLACES WORLDWIDE TO BEWARE PICKPOCKETS"], TripAdvisor, September 10, 2009</ref>, pickpockets may be found in any crowded place on the globe.
 == Contributing circumstances ==

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 == Impacts ==
 ===Social impact===
-* perception of unsafety
+* Perception of unsafety;
-* Urban environment's with a high rate of pickpocketing will be seen as less attractive places for the public to frequent or visit.
+* Urban environments with a high rate of pickpocketing will be seen as less attractive places for the public to frequent or visit;
-* Public transport nodes and services, together with areas where there are large crowds (such as busy shopping streets or market squares) can become less comfortable places to be when you are aware there is a high rate of pickpocketing.
+* Public transport nodes and services, together with areas where there are large crowds (such as busy shopping streets or market squares), can become less comfortable places to be when you are aware there is a high rate of pickpocketing;
-* Different groupings of society are often targetted more than others (e.g. tourists) due to a lack of familiarity with the context of the area, and owing to a likelihood of their attention being distracted (e.g. taking photographs).
+* Different groupings of society are often targeted more than others (e.g. tourists) due to a lack of familiarity with the context of the area, and owing to a likelihood of their attention being distracted (e.g. taking photographs).
 === Economic impact===

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 ===Mobility impact===
-There is a high rate of pickpocketing at several mobility related locations, such as public transport nodes and services (especially [[Transport Infrastructure#Train station|train]] and [[Transport Infrastructure#Metro station|metro]] (stations)), together with areas where there are large [[Crowd|crowds]] (such as busy [[Shopping centre|shopping centres]] or shopping streets or market squares). The risk is increased when there are large crowds, tourists, and hiding and fleeing options for pickpocketers. For example, a pickpocketer in a metro station can flee with (another) metro easily after the robbery.
+There is a high rate of pickpocketing at several mobility related locations, such as public transport nodes and services (especially [[Transport Infrastructure#Train station|train]] and [[Transport Infrastructure#Metro station|metro stations]]), together with areas where there are large [[Crowd|crowds]] (such as busy [[Shopping centre|shopping centres]] or shopping streets or market squares). The risk is increased when there are large crowds, tourists, and hiding and fleeing options for pickpocketers. For example, a pickpocketer in a metro station can flee with (another) metro easily after the robbery.
 In order to reduce the risk, one can use [[Measure: Surveillance|surveillance]] by mounting camera's inside stations and create awareness of the travellers, for example with warning posters and warning broadcasting inside trains. Also guards can be deployed inside stations and trains.

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 * [[measure: Surveillance|Surveillance]] can be somewhat effective to detect pickpocketing and if overt, to deter potential criminals by raising the perceived risk of apprehension. It can incur high costs if implemented as dedicated observers, either on location or remote. A more natural form of surveillance is surveillance by the inhabitants (also known as 'natural surveillance'), usually by warning for pickpockets. Be aware that putting out warning signs can also have detrimental effects <ref>Clarke Ronald V., Situational Crime Prevention. Successful Case Studies. Second Edition,1997</ref>, as is illustrated by Ekblom<ref>Ekblom, P, ''Talking to Offenders: Practical Lessons from Local Crime Prevention.'', In: O. Nel-lo (ed.). Urban Crime: Statistical Approaches and Analyses, International seminar held under the auspices of Ajuntament de Barcelona Forum des Collectives Territoriales Europeenes pour la Securité Urbaine. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Metropolitans de Barcelona.</ref> who cites the example of pickpockets on the London Underground who stationed themselves near signs warning of theft to see which pockets were checked by passengers on reading the signs.
-* [[Measure: Reaction force|Reaction force]] should be swift and effective in order to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance, effective and convey the notion that pickpocketing will not be left unpunished.
+* [[Measure: Intervention force|Intervention force]] should be swift and effective in order to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance, effective and convey the notion that pickpocketing will not be left unpunished.
 * [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|Directing traffic flows]] can be effective in preventing crowding. The effectiveness of this measure is illustrated by a case study which shows that thefts from shopping bags at markets in Birmingham, England, were substantially reduced by reducing congestion around the stalls, which increased the difficulty of pickpocketing and other "stealth" thefts.<ref>Poyner, B. & Webb, B., ''Successful Crime Prevention: case studies'', London: The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, (1987)</ref>
 * [[Measure: Target removal|Target removal]] is not always feasible, but by for example suppressing tourists to visit a particular location, pickpocketing at that location can be effectively reduced. Another example of how to remove targets is to minimize distraction for visitors, by for example placing clear signposts or designing the area to minimize congestion.