Security issue: Destruction by riots - Revision history

Albert at 23:15, 19 January 2018

2018-01-19T23:15:30Z

Albert at 11:04, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T11:04:18Z

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T15:06:17Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T15:04:39Z

Economic impact

Albert at 14:14, 20 August 2013

2013-08-20T14:14:47Z

Albert at 14:13, 20 August 2013

2013-08-20T14:13:30Z

Albert: /* Mobility impact */

2013-08-14T10:21:53Z

Mobility impact

Olav: /* Measures */

2013-07-30T08:59:10Z

Measures

Olav: /* Mobility impact */

2013-07-30T08:58:42Z

Mobility impact

Olav: /* Social impact */

2013-07-30T08:57:53Z

Social impact

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 [[Category:Threat]][[Category:Safety]]
-[[Image:Carpetright store after Tottenham riots.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Firefighters douse a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in 2011 in Tottenham, London]]'''Destruction by riots''' is the act of [[belongs to::Security issue: Vandalism|vandalism]] of property by groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.
+[[Image:Carpetright store after Tottenham riots.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Firefighters douse a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in 2011 in Tottenham, London]]'''Destruction by riots''' is the act of [[Security issue: Vandalism|vandalism]] of property by groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.
 == Description ==

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 [[Category:Threat]][[Category:Safety]]
-'''Destruction by riots''' is the act of [[belongs to::Security issue: Vandalism|vandalism]] of property by groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.
+[[Image:Carpetright store after Tottenham riots.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Firefighters douse a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in 2011 in Tottenham, London]]'''Destruction by riots''' is the act of [[belongs to::Security issue: Vandalism|vandalism]] of property by groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.
 == Description ==
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 === Organised protests ===
-[[Image:Carpetright store after Tottenham riots.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Firefighters douse a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in 2011 in Tottenham, London]]Sometimes peaceful, organised protests can quickly turn into unorganised and destructive riots. Examples of such events are the [[Wikipedia:2011 England riots|2011 events in Tottenham,  London]]<ref>see: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-peaceful-protest</ref> and the riots in Rome in October 2011<ref>see: http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/riot/peaceful-protest-dissolves-riots-rome</ref>. In these cases the protest, especially when arousing stormy emotions, can turn into a riot when external circumstances provoke strong and emotional responses.
+Sometimes peaceful, organised protests can quickly turn into unorganised and destructive riots. Examples of such events are the [[Wikipedia:2011 England riots|2011 events in Tottenham,  London]]<ref>see: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/07/tottenham-riots-peaceful-protest</ref> and the riots in Rome in October 2011<ref>see: http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/riot/peaceful-protest-dissolves-riots-rome</ref>. In these cases the protest, especially when arousing stormy emotions, can turn into a riot when external circumstances provoke strong and emotional responses.
 === Events ===

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 Riots lead to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of crime#Primary economic impact of crime|primary]]) and a indirect ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.</ref>. Direct costs of destruction by riots come in the form of:
 * Preventive costs in anticipation of riots (e.g. security measures, insurance);
-* Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of rioting (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm)<ref>For example: In 2005 the civil unrest in France lasted for over three weeks and spread to nearly 300 towns. By the end of the incident, over 10,000 vehicles were destroyed, over 300 buildings burned, 126 police and firefighters were injured, and damages were estimated at being well over €200 Million (Source: Wikipedia)</ref>; and
+* Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of rioting (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm)<ref>For example: In 2005 the civil unrest in France lasted for over three weeks and spread to nearly 300 towns. By the end of the incident, over 10,000 vehicles were destroyed, over 300 buildings burned, 126 police and firefighters were injured, and damages were estimated at being well over €200 Million (Source: Wikipedia. Online:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot#Effects).</ref>; and
 * Responsive costs to riots (e.g. the costs of detection and prevention, prosecution, support trial, etc.).

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 Riots lead to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of crime#Primary economic impact of crime|primary]]) and a indirect ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.</ref>. Direct costs of destruction by riots come in the form of:
 * Preventive costs in anticipation of riots (e.g. security measures, insurance);
-* Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of rioting (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm)<ref>For example: In 2005 the civil unrest in France lasted for over three weeks and spread to nearly 300 towns. By the end of the incident, over 10,000 vehicles were destroyed, over 300 buildings burned, 126 police and fire-fighters were injured, and damages were estimated at being well over €200 Million (Source: Wikipedia)</ref>; and
+* Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of rioting (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm)<ref>For example: In 2005 the civil unrest in France lasted for over three weeks and spread to nearly 300 towns. By the end of the incident, over 10,000 vehicles were destroyed, over 300 buildings burned, 126 police and firefighters were injured, and damages were estimated at being well over €200 Million (Source: Wikipedia)</ref>; and
 * Responsive costs to riots (e.g. the costs of detection and prevention, prosecution, support trial, etc.).
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 * Rioting also has a distinct impact on tourism. "China reported that disturbances in Xinjiang in 2009 led almost 85,000 travellers to cancel trips to the area, while Thailand has seen a big drop in tourism since its political troubles turned violent"<ref>http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1210/how-riots-influence-an-economy.aspx#axzz2Dd7xpsbL</ref> in the spring of 2010.
-In theory, security measures can prevent destruction by riots, but not without [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|costs]]. Target hardening or access control, for example, is costly and there is always the risk of [[The economics of crime#Crime displacement|crime displacement]]<ref>The relocation of crime from one place, time, target, offence, or tactic to another as a result of some crime prevention initiative (Guerette (2009). Analyzing Crime Displacement and Diffusion. Tool Guide No. 10.</ref>.
+In theory, security measures can prevent destruction by riots, but not without [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|costs]]. Target hardening or access control, for example, is costly and there is always the risk of [[The economics of crime#Crime displacement|crime displacement]]<ref>The relocation of crime from one place, time, target, offence, or tactic to another as a result of some crime prevention initiative. Source: Guerette (2009): Analyzing Crime Displacement and Diffusion. Tool Guide No. 10.</ref>.
-Crime is closely related to poverty, social exclusion, wage and income inequality, cultural and family background, level of education and other economic and social factors<ref>Buananno, P. (2003). The Socio-economic Determinants of Crime. A Review of the Literature. Working Paper Series, No.63. University of Milan.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific urban planning situation.
+Crime is closely related to poverty, social exclusion, wage and income inequality, cultural and family background, level of education and other economic and social factors<ref>Buananno, P. (2003): The Socio-economic Determinants of Crime. A Review of the Literature. Working Paper Series, No.63. University of Milan.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific urban planning situation.
 ===Mobility impact===

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 == Description ==
-Riots are physical expressions of discontent by large unorganised groups of people, expressed in vandalism, assault and/or pillaging. Although the riot may be unorganised, the reason for these people being there may well have a collectively shared motivation. Based on their nascency, three types of riots can be distinguished:
+Riots are physical expressions of discontent by large, mostly unorganised groups of people, expressed in vandalism, assault and/or pillaging. Although the riot may be unorganised, the reason for these people being there may well have a collectively shared motivation. Based on their nascency, three types of riots can be distinguished:
 === Organised protests ===

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 [[measure: Access control|Access control]] can ensure only flows of the intended people enter or exit the area and can enforce and intended separation of crowds.
-Also by [[Directing flows of people|directing flows of people]] and [[measure: Directing traffic flows|directing traffic flows]], the crowd and traffic flows can be controlled.
+Also by [[measure: Directing traffic flows|directing traffic flows]] (including flows of people), the crowd and traffic flows can be controlled.
 ===Safety impact===

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 == Measures ==
-Potential measures that can mitigate the likelihood or impact of vandalism include:
+Potential measures that can mitigate the likelihood or impact of destruction by riots include:
 * [[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] to ensure violence cannot overcome other measures taken (such as [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|directing traffic flows]] or [[Measure: Access control|access control]]), can prevent a riot getting out of hand.

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 ===Mobility impact===
-Since riots take place at [[Open and civic space|Open and civic spaces]], the [[Mobility|mobility]] function of those areas might be seriously hampered. [[Accessibility]] might be reduced when for example roads are blocked. Also safety of vulnerable road users might be reduced, especially when important bicycle lanes or pedestrian paths are crossing the riot location.
+Since riots take place at [[Open and civic space|Open and civic spaces]], the [[Mobility|mobility]] function of those areas might be seriously hampered. [[Accessibility]] might be reduced when, for example, roads are blocked. Also safety of vulnerable road users might be reduced, especially when important bicycle lanes or pedestrian paths are crossing the riot location.
 With [[Traffic management|traffic management measures]] one can attempt to concentrate the riot at a location with little impact on mobility and to reduce the negative consequences for mobility, for example by rerouting traffic around the riot location.

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 == Impacts ==
 ===Social impact===
-Destruction by riots can have social impact such as increase in citizens' perception of insecurity and fear of crime and avoiding of certain urban space. This can result in urban space becoming even more attractive for rioters, with a chain of increasing destruction.
+Destruction by riots can have social impact such as increase in citizens' perception of insecurity, fear of crime, and avoiding of the places of the riots. This can result in urban space becoming increasingly more attractive for rioters, with a chain of increasing destruction.
 === Economic impact ===