Security issue: Destruction by fanatics - Revision history

Albert at 23:20, 19 January 2018

2018-01-19T23:20:51Z

Albert: /* Measures */

2017-02-01T11:18:18Z

Measures

Albert at 12:59, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T12:59:10Z

Albert at 12:58, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T12:58:36Z

Albert: /* Measures */

2014-02-13T15:25:28Z

Measures

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T14:55:43Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T14:54:36Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-15T14:54:03Z

Economic impact

Albert: /* Measures */

2013-08-13T09:01:21Z

Measures

Albert: /* Safety impact */

2013-08-13T09:00:42Z

Safety impact

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 [[Category:Threat]][[Category:Safety]]
-[[image:Regjeringsbygget_22.7.2011.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bomb damage to the building housing of the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police after the bombing there in Norway in 2011]]'''Destruction by [[fanatic]]s''' is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This [[belongs to::threat]] is exerted out of [[is part of::human intent|wilful action]] by either terrorists or criminal activists.
+[[image:Regjeringsbygget_22.7.2011.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bomb damage to the building housing of the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police after the bombing there in Norway in 2011]]'''Destruction by [[fanatic]]s''' is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This [[threat]] is exerted out of [[human intent|wilful action]] by either terrorists or criminal activists.
 == Description ==

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 == Measures ==
-*[[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] can be done by making it harder to take weapons of mass destruction to a vulnerable location, e.g. by separating traffic flows so car bombs cannot come close to attractive or vulnerable objects, reducing the effect of the weapon.For support on construction methods and materials that mitigate explosion effects and structural collapse one can use the VITRUV [[image:VITRUV logo.png|x30px|link=]] [[Plan level tools]] and [[Detail level tools]], available via the [http://www.vitruv-project.eu/index.html VITRUV website]. With the Detail level tool one can also assess secondary costs for mobility impacts, for example if a street or rails is destroyed.
+*[[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] can be done by making it harder to take weapons of mass destruction to a vulnerable location, e.g. by separating traffic flows so car bombs cannot come close to attractive or vulnerable objects, reducing the effect of the weapon.For support on construction methods and materials that mitigate explosion effects and structural collapse one can use the VITRUV [[image:VITRUV logo.png|x30px|link=]] [[Plan level tools]] and [[Detail level tools]]. With the Detail level tool one can also assess secondary costs for mobility impacts, for example if a street or rails is destroyed.
 *[[Measure: Access control|Access control]], combined with [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|directing traffic flows]] can be used to assure all traffic entering and exiting a location passes at certain, predestined points. This allows for all traffic to be monitored (Surveillance) or even screened (see below).
 *[[Measure: Directing traffic flows|Directing traffic flows]] in its own can be used to separate possible threats from potential targets. By directing car traffic from vulnerable locations, the risk from attacks by car (such as car bombs or ramming by car) can substantially be reduced<ref>[http://nactso-dev.co.uk/system/cms/files/87/files/original/2011mar01-integrated_security_v1.0.pdf CPNI, ''Integrated Security. A Public Realm Design Guide for Hostile Vehicle Mitigation'', Version 1, 2011]</ref>.

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 [[Category:Threat]][[Category:Safety]]
-[[image:Regjeringsbygget_22.7.2011.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bomb damage to the building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police after the bombing in Norway in 2011]]'''Destruction by [[fanatic]]s''' is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This [[belongs to::threat]] is exerted out of [[is part of::human intent|wilful action]] by either terrorists or criminal activists.
+[[image:Regjeringsbygget_22.7.2011.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bomb damage to the building housing of the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police after the bombing there in Norway in 2011]]'''Destruction by [[fanatic]]s''' is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This [[belongs to::threat]] is exerted out of [[is part of::human intent|wilful action]] by either terrorists or criminal activists.
 == Description ==

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 [[Category:Threat]][[Category:Safety]]
-'''Destruction by [[fanatic]]s''' is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This [[belongs to::threat]] is exerted out of [[is part of::human intent|wilful action]] by either terrorists or criminal activists.
+[[image:Regjeringsbygget_22.7.2011.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bomb damage to the building housing the Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Justice and the Police after the bombing in Norway in 2011]]'''Destruction by [[fanatic]]s''' is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This [[belongs to::threat]] is exerted out of [[is part of::human intent|wilful action]] by either terrorists or criminal activists.
 == Description ==

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 == Measures ==
-*[[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] can be done by making it harder to take weapons of mass destruction to a vulnerable location, e.g. by separating traffic flows so car bombs cannot come close to attractive or vulnerable objects, reducing the effect of the weapon. For support on construction methods and materials that mitigate explosion effects and structural collapse one can use the [[Plan level tools]] and [[Detail level tools]]. With the Detail level tool one can also assess secondary costs for mobility impacts, for example if a street or rails is destroyed.
+*[[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] can be done by making it harder to take weapons of mass destruction to a vulnerable location, e.g. by separating traffic flows so car bombs cannot come close to attractive or vulnerable objects, reducing the effect of the weapon.For support on construction methods and materials that mitigate explosion effects and structural collapse one can use the VITRUV [[image:VITRUV logo.png|x30px|link=]] [[Plan level tools]] and [[Detail level tools]], available via the [http://www.vitruv-project.eu/index.html VITRUV website]. With the Detail level tool one can also assess secondary costs for mobility impacts, for example if a street or rails is destroyed.
 *[[Measure: Access control|Access control]], combined with [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|directing traffic flows]] can be used to assure all traffic entering and exiting a location passes at certain, predestined points. This allows for all traffic to be monitored (Surveillance) or even screened (see below).
 *[[Measure: Directing traffic flows|Directing traffic flows]] in its own can be used to separate possible threats from potential targets. By directing car traffic from vulnerable locations, the risk from attacks by car (such as car bombs or ramming by car) can substantially be reduced<ref>[http://nactso-dev.co.uk/system/cms/files/87/files/original/2011mar01-integrated_security_v1.0.pdf CPNI, ''Integrated Security. A Public Realm Design Guide for Hostile Vehicle Mitigation'', Version 1, 2011]</ref>.

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 ===Economic impact===
-Destruction by fanatics leads to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of terrorism#Primary economic impact of terrorism|primary]]) and a indirect ([[Economic effects of terrorism#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.</ref>. Direct costs of destruction by fanatics come in the form of:
+Destruction by fanatics leads to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of terrorism#Primary economic impact of terrorism|primary]]) and a indirect ([[Economic effects of terrorism#Secondary economic impact of terrorism|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.</ref>. Direct costs of destruction by fanatics come in the form of:
 * Preventive costs in anticipation of destruction by fanatics (e.g. security measures, insurance);
 * Material and immaterial costs as a consequence of destruction by fanatics (e.g. physical damage, repairs, medical costs, mental harm); and

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 Terrorist events and violent crime not only lead to material and immaterial costs for those who have become victimised, but also forces local and national authorities to spend billions on the prevention of terrorism and the detection, prosecution and punishment of terrorists (the [[Economic effects of terrorism#Primary economic impact of terrorism|primary economic impact of terrorism]]).
-In addition to the primary economic impacts, terrorism and violent crime cause the disruption of economic entities which have not been direct targets of the attack (the [[Economic effects of terrorism#Secondary economic impact of terrorism|secondary economic impact of terrorism]])<ref name="ftn27"> Source: Schneider, F., T. Brück and D. Meierrieks (2009): The Economics of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: A Survey.</ref>.
+In addition to the primary economic impacts, terrorism and violent crime cause the disruption of economic entities which have not been direct targets of the attack (the [[Economic effects of terrorism#Secondary economic impact of terrorism|secondary economic impact of terrorism]])<ref name="ftn27">Schneider, F., T. Brück and D. Meierrieks (2009): The Economics of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: A Survey.</ref>.
 In theory, security measures can prevent destruction by fanatics, but not without [[Economic effects of anti-terrorism security measures|costs]]. Access control or screening, for example, is costly and there is always the risk of [[The economics of terrorist behaviour#Dynamic interaction between terrorism and counter-terrorism|a geographical shift]] towards places with relatively less security measures in place. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific situation.

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 ===Safety impact===
-Massive destruction of infrastructure can lead to dangerous situations and safety hazards. It can negate the functions of objects, such as providing shelter, lighting or ensuring sanitary conditions. Also, the destruction itself can generate dangerous situations by for instance broken glass, loose nails or splinters wounding people.
+Massive destruction of infrastructure can lead to dangerous situations and safety hazards. It can negate the functions of objects, such as providing shelter, lighting or ensuring sanitary conditions. Also, the destruction itself can generate dangerous situations by for instance broken glass, loose paving or collapse of structures.
 == Measures ==