Security issue: Burglary - Revision history

Albert: /* Contributing circumstances */

2013-12-19T14:32:46Z

Contributing circumstances

Hans: /* Social impacts */

2013-12-18T11:24:36Z

Social impacts

Hans: /* Social impacts */

2013-12-18T11:11:54Z

Social impacts

Hans: /* Social impacts */

2013-12-18T11:09:21Z

Social impacts

Hans: /* Social impacts */

2013-12-18T11:06:51Z

Social impacts

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-13T15:58:05Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-13T15:57:18Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-13T15:54:54Z

Economic impact

John P: /* Economic impact */

2013-11-13T15:53:17Z

Economic impact

Olav: /* Economic impact */

2013-07-29T09:42:35Z

Economic impact

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 | Long reaction times or inadequate action of intervention force. || Decreases likelihood of apprehension || Untimely or inappropriate reactions to violence lead to a perception of little control, which will increase perceived risk for the public and decrease perceived risk for the perpetrators. Also, reducing the impact of an assault (by timely intervention) will also be impossible and lead to greater effects of incidents.
 |-
-| High percentage of single family detached homes || Increases the perceived reward and vulnerability || Single family detached houses are often attractive targets–with greater rewards – and more difficult to secure because they have multiple access points <ref name="lamm">Lamm Weisel Deborah, ''Burglary of Single-Family Houses'', Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Guide No. 18</ref>.
+| High percentage of single family detached homes || Increases the perceived reward and vulnerability || Single family detached houses are often attractive targets – with greater rewards – and more difficult to secure because they have multiple access points <ref name="lamm">Lamm Weisel Deborah, ''Burglary of Single-Family Houses'', Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Guide No. 18</ref>.
 |-
 | Concentration of residential units || Increases attractiveness || Burglars are attracted to areas where potential targets are plenty and concentrated. The greater the number of residences in a neighbourhood, the more likely it is that the neighbourhood will be selected for burglary<ref name="bernasco"/>.

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 Burglars know exactly how to find the weak spots around domestic objects. They only need a few minutes to search the object, take the valuables and get out. The modus operandi, in principle, is not to encounter the residents of the property where they break-into, nor to commit violence. Because of the absence of violence, it does not lead to severe psychological distress as is the case of robbery and raid. Still, burglary in the home is a huge invasion of privacy and often has much impact on citizens' general [[perception of (in)security]] and increase their general [[Risk#Perception_of_risk|perception of risk]]. The shock is different for every victim and may depend on the severity of the event, previous experiences and reactions from the social environment.
-The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking burglarproof measures and increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’ that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
+The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking burglarproof measures and increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’<ref>http://www.politie.nl/misdaad-in-kaart?geoquery=8017HT&categorie=1&categorie=2</ref> that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
 === Economic impact ===

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 Burglars know exactly how to find the weak spots around domestic objects. They only need a few minutes to search the object, take the valuables and get out. The modus operandi, in principle, is not to encounter the residents of the property where they break-into, nor to commit violence. Because of the absence of violence, it does not lead to severe psychological distress as is the case of robbery and raid. Still, burglary in the home is a huge invasion of privacy and often has much impact on citizens' general [[perception of (in)security]] and increase their general [[Risk#Perception_of_risk|perception of risk]]. The shock is different for every victim and may depend on the severity of the event, previous experiences and reactions from the social environment.
-The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking measures to make the a house more burglarproof and to increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’ that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
+The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking burglarproof measures and increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’ that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
 === Economic impact ===

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 == Impacts ==
 === Social impacts ===
-Burglars know exactly how to find the weak spots around domestic object. They only need a few minutes to search the object, take the valuables and to get out. The modus operandi, in principle, is not to encounter the residents of the property where they break-into, nor to commit violence. Because of the absence of violence, it does not lead to severe psychological distress as is the case of robbery and raid. Still, the burglary in the home is a huge invasion of privacy and often has much impact on citizens' general [[perception of (in)security]] and increase their general [[Risk#Perception_of_risk|perception of risk]].
+Burglars know exactly how to find the weak spots around domestic objects. They only need a few minutes to search the object, take the valuables and get out. The modus operandi, in principle, is not to encounter the residents of the property where they break-into, nor to commit violence. Because of the absence of violence, it does not lead to severe psychological distress as is the case of robbery and raid. Still, burglary in the home is a huge invasion of privacy and often has much impact on citizens' general [[perception of (in)security]] and increase their general [[Risk#Perception_of_risk|perception of risk]]. The shock is different for every victim and may depend on the severity of the event, previous experiences and reactions from the social environment.
-The shock is different for every victim and may depend on the severity of the event, previous experiences and reactions from the social environment. The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking measures to make the a house more burglarproof and to increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’ that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
+The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking measures to make the a house more burglarproof and to increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’ that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
 === Economic impact ===

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 == Impacts ==
 === Social impacts ===
+Burglars know exactly how to find the weak spots around domestic object. They only need a few minutes to search the object, take the valuables and to get out. The modus operandi, in principle, is not to encounter the residents of the property where they break-into, nor to commit violence. Because of the absence of violence, it does not lead to severe psychological distress as is the case of robbery and raid. Still, the burglary in the home is a huge invasion of privacy and often has much impact on citizens' general [[perception of (in)security]] and increase their general [[Risk#Perception_of_risk|perception of risk]].
-Burglary can have impact on citizens' general [[perception of (in)security]] and increase their general [[Risk#Perception_of_risk|perception of risk]]. This can then change the perception of the meaning of built urban space ("[[Sociospatial perspective|sociospatial perspective]]"), thus creating public demands on urban planning.
+The shock is different for every victim and may depend on the severity of the event, previous experiences and reactions from the social environment. The social impact could be, resilience enhancement both on an individual and community level, for instance by taking measures to make the a house more burglarproof and to increase social control. Also, social media initiatives emerge like ‘How safe is my neighborhood?’ that plot the burglaries or attempts within a certain period onto a map. The aim to increase awareness and stimulate residents and owners to take preventive measures. The downside is that these initiatives stir up feelings of insecurity and could lead to a less positive view of the district concerned.
-There are [[Checklists_for_dimension_consideration|checklists]] available from research that help address social aspects of security issues, such as breaking and entering. A recommendable method to involve citizens in urban planning that "designs in" those social aspects is the [[experimental participation method]].
 === Economic impact ===

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 Burglaries do not just create direct costs, but also have a lasting social and economic impact on the entire area ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary economic impact of crime]]). Obvious examples of these secondary economic effects are reduced house prices and costs of void properties. In general, crime prone areas with a long-standing reputation for suffering from much crime are frequent subjects of high mobility of residents, vandalism, empty lots and buildings, businesses with extreme security measures, etc. The perception of security is a relevant issue in case of frequent burglaries, since signs of broken windows, makeshift security measures around dwellings, blaring alarms and continuous police surveillance do not help to make people feel safe, even though the actual frequency of criminal events has declined. In addition, one could consider the opportunity costs of police and other public services (like health care services for victim support). In sum, property crimes such as burglary act like a tax on the entire economy. It discourages investments by private residents, businesses and public authorities.
-Security measures will mitigate the costs of burglaries, but burglars will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the [[The economics of crime|economics of criminal behaviour]]. Although there is no real scientific consensus with respect to the causal relationship between the [[The economics of crime#Socio-economic causes of crime|socio-economic background]] and property crime like burglary, Australian research, for example, illustrates that long term unemployment amongst young male adolescents has a substantial effect on property crime rates<ref>See, ''e.g.'': Chapman, B., D Weatherburn, C.A. Kapuscinski, M. Chilvers and S. Roussel (2002): Unemployment duration, schooling and property crime. CEPR Working paper</ref>. However, the two German economists Enthorf and Spengler (2002)<ref>Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002): Crime in Europe; Causes and Consequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin.</ref> find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery and violence, respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime<ref>According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific urban planning situation.
+Security measures will mitigate the costs of burglaries, but burglars will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the [[The economics of crime|economics of criminal behaviour]]. Although there is no real scientific consensus with respect to the causal relationship between the [[The economics of crime#Socio-economic causes of crime|socio-economic background]] and property crime like burglary, Australian research, for example, illustrates that long term unemployment amongst young male adolescents has a substantial effect on property crime rates<ref>See, ''e.g.'': Chapman, B., D Weatherburn, C.A. Kapuscinski, M. Chilvers and S. Roussel (2002): Unemployment duration, schooling and property crime. CEPR Working paper</ref>. Two German economists Enthorf and Spengler (2002)<ref>Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002): Crime in Europe; Causes and Consequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin.</ref>, however, find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery and violence, respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime<ref>According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific urban planning situation.
 === Mobility impacts ===

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 === Economic impact ===
-Property crimes such as burglary lead to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of crime#Primary economic impact of crime|primary]]) and an indirect ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.</ref>. The direct [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact]] of burglary in a dwelling crimes are for about 10% the result of preventive measures (security and insurance), and for 55% the result of physical damage and mental harm. The remaining part are costs in response to crime (detection and prevention, enforcement, trial, support)<ref name="hordsd">Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate (2005). The economic and social costs of crime against individuals and households 2003/04.</ref>. Burglary is a high-volume crime. In England and Wales, burglary in a dwelling makes up for about 7% of the estimated volume of offences against individuals and households<ref>This excludes crimes against commercial and public victims (source: Ibid).</ref>. The average total cost per burglary are estimated to be about £3,250 (in 2003 prices)<ref name="hordsd"/>. This is relevant knowledge for  urban planners, since the cost of security measures can be earned back with a reduction of the frequency of burglaries in dwellings, the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]]. In addition, the social costs of burglaries are relatively modest compared to violent crime such as homicide, robbery and sexual assault.
+Property crimes such as burglary lead to considerable costs in both a direct ([[Economic effects of crime#Primary economic impact of crime|primary]]) and an indirect ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary]]) way<ref>Primary economic impact (or direct effects) are generally defined as the initial, immediate economic output generated by a specific cause (in this case a criminal offence). Secondary economic impact (or indirect effects) are generated each time a subsequent transaction is made, for example, the impact of crime on the real estate value in the neighbourhood.</ref>. The direct [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact]] of burglary in a dwelling crimes are for about 10% the result of preventive measures (security and insurance), and for 55% the result of physical damage and mental harm. The remaining part are costs in response to crime (detection and prevention, enforcement, trial, support)<ref name="hordsd">Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate (2005): The economic and social costs of crime against individuals and households 2003/04.</ref>. Burglary is a high-volume crime. In England and Wales, burglary in a dwelling makes up for about 7% of the estimated volume of offences against individuals and households<ref>This excludes crimes against commercial and public victims (source: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate (2005): The economic and social costs of crime against individuals and households 2003/04.).</ref>. The average total cost per burglary are estimated to be about £3,250 (in 2003 prices)<ref name="hordsd"/>. This is relevant knowledge for  urban planners, since the cost of security measures can be earned back with a reduction of the frequency of burglaries in dwellings, the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]]. In addition, the social costs of burglaries are relatively modest compared to violent crime such as homicide, robbery and sexual assault.
 Burglaries do not just create direct costs, but also have a lasting social and economic impact on the entire area ([[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|secondary economic impact of crime]]). Obvious examples of these secondary economic effects are reduced house prices and costs of void properties. In general, crime prone areas with a long-standing reputation for suffering from much crime are frequent subjects of high mobility of residents, vandalism, empty lots and buildings, businesses with extreme security measures, etc. The perception of security is a relevant issue in case of frequent burglaries, since signs of broken windows, makeshift security measures around dwellings, blaring alarms and continuous police surveillance do not help to make people feel safe, even though the actual frequency of criminal events has declined. In addition, one could consider the opportunity costs of police and other public services (like health care services for victim support). In sum, property crimes such as burglary act like a tax on the entire economy. It discourages investments by private residents, businesses and public authorities.
-Security measures will mitigate the costs of burglaries, but burglars will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the [[The economics of crime|economics of criminal behaviour]]. Although there is no real scientific consensus with respect to the causal relationship between the [[The economics of crime#Socio-economic causes of crime|socio-economic background]] and property crime like burglary, Australian research illustrates that long term unemployment amongst young male adolescents has a substantial effect on property crime rates<ref>See, ''e.g.'': Chapman, B., D Weatherburn, C.A. Kapuscinski, M. Chilvers and S. Roussel (2002). ''Unemployment duration, schooling and property crime''. CEPR Working paper</ref>. However, Enthorf and Spengler(2002)<ref>Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002). Crime in Europe; Causes and Consequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin</ref> find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery and violence, respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime<ref>According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific urban planning situation.
+Security measures will mitigate the costs of burglaries, but burglars will adapt quickly to preventive security measures in accordance with the [[The economics of crime|economics of criminal behaviour]]. Although there is no real scientific consensus with respect to the causal relationship between the [[The economics of crime#Socio-economic causes of crime|socio-economic background]] and property crime like burglary, Australian research illustrates that long term unemployment amongst young male adolescents has a substantial effect on property crime rates<ref>See, ''e.g.'': Chapman, B., D Weatherburn, C.A. Kapuscinski, M. Chilvers and S. Roussel (2002): Unemployment duration, schooling and property crime. CEPR Working paper</ref>. However, Enthorf and Spengler(2002)<ref>Entorf, H., H. Spengler (2002): Crime in Europe; Causes and Consequences. Springer-Verlag Berlin.</ref> find that planning-intense offences like breaking and entering, robbery and violence, respond relatively slow to changes in the socio-economic conditions compared to other types of crime like drug and alcohol abuse and violent crime<ref>According to the authors, this may reflect that in a first response to unfortunate social and economic developments some of the affected might become attracted to alcohol and drug abuse, which in a later phase has to be financed with criminal activities by committing property crimes like breaking and entering.</ref>. With the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools]] such as [[Social cost-benefit analysis|social cost-benefit analysis]] it is possible to overview the costs and future benefits of security measures in order to decide which types of measures are best suited for a specific urban planning situation.
 === Mobility impacts ===