Security culture - Revision history

Hans at 10:14, 20 November 2013

2013-11-20T10:14:02Z

Florian at 07:42, 18 June 2013

2013-06-18T07:42:37Z

Florian at 07:40, 18 June 2013

2013-06-18T07:40:13Z

Florian at 09:25, 12 June 2013

2013-06-12T09:25:03Z

Florian at 09:24, 12 June 2013

2013-06-12T09:24:33Z

Florian at 09:23, 12 June 2013

2013-06-12T09:23:41Z

Florian at 09:17, 12 June 2013

2013-06-12T09:17:51Z

Florian at 23:21, 4 February 2013

2013-02-04T23:21:22Z

Albert at 16:39, 30 January 2013

2013-01-30T16:39:37Z

Albert: Text replace - "= MAP =" to ""

2013-01-30T16:31:47Z

Text replace - "= MAP =" to ""

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 [[Category:Social]]
 [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]
-'''Security culture''' is a cognitive concept that
+'''Security culture''' is a concept that
 * Looks into how groups of people perceive things and how this [[Perception of (in)security|perception]] can be explained/predicted/modified;
 * Depends on culturally embedded  meanings of [[risk]]/[[security]].

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
-==Approaches how to address it==
+==Approaches how to address security culture in urban planning==
 *Consider public perceptions and conceptions of risk and security (from studies, surveys etc.);
 *Involve citizens (see: [[citizen participation]]) in the planning process to find out:
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 Security culture typically lacks empirical substantiation. Other concepts strongly argue that differences between actual and perceived security are mainly media constructs, especially the salience media assign to crime incidents so to grasp public fear and catch attention for their product.
-Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT):Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements. London: Earthscan, 2007. Retrieved from <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1> </ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
+Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT):Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements. London: Earthscan, 2007. Retrieved from <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1> </ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by a empirical social research.
 {{references}}

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 * Depends on culturally embedded  meanings of [[risk]]/[[security]].
-Security consciousness becomes a culture when a community/nation as a whole adopts this awareness and demonstrates that those behaviours which violate security are unacceptable. Security culture can be applied at two levels of analysis:
+Security culture can be applied at two levels of analysis:
 *The ''citizen level'' (focusing on [[Perception of (in)security|perceptions of security/insecurity]]) and
 *The ''government level'' (focusing on security-enhancing interventions).
+Cultural factors have no intrinsic normative value: They can have positive or negative effects on societal security and urban resilience.
 For the purpose of Securipedia, aspects known as "security culture" from the technological point of view are [[safety]] aspects.
@@ Line 17: / Line 19: @@
 Behaviour has cultural roots that need to be understood. Cultural conceptions of risk, security and solutions to security problems vary according to the organisation of political and social relations, common values or worldviews of a system/culture.
-Criminological research has typically identified cultural (and socialisation-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and  risk of crime (actual threat): cultural norms, political culture, ideological constructions.<ref>White R.D, Habibis D.:Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 2005, 67-68. </ref>. Following examples are pointed out:
+Criminological research has typically identified cultural (and socialisation-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and  risk of crime (actual threat): cultural norms, political culture, ideological constructions.<ref>White R.D, Habibis D.:Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 2005, 67-68. </ref>. Examples include the following:
-*Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalised young men, feeling themselves excluded from normal paths of enacting the gender-specific norms they have been socialised into, in order to demonstrate virility.
+*Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalised young men, who excluded from normal paths of enacting gender-specific norms of virility.
-*Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanise people who derive from the dominant culture of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males).
+*Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanise those who derive from the dominant social conceptions of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males).
 *Political culture providing a breeding ground for hate crimes against people representing otherness.
 *Ideological constructions of social systems such as the family that involves a sense of right of – even violent – control, for example of men over women.
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 Social fear of crime reduces personal fear of crime: Strong knowledge and interpretative contexts present on the national level are a cultural factor that decreases citizens’ individual perception of insecurity.
-==Security related aspects and benefits==
-* Security culture impacts behaviour and perception in a positive or negative way. For example, criminological research has typically identified the following cultural (and socialisation-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and risk of crime (actual threat) <ref> White R.D. and Habibis D.:Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 2005, 67-68.</ref>:
-# Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalised young men, feeling themselves excluded from normal paths of enacting the gender-specific norms they have been socialised into, in order to demonstrate virility.
-# Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanise people who derive from the dominant culture of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males)
-# Political culture providing a breeding ground for hate crimes against people representing otherness.
-# Ideological constructions of social systems such as the family that involve a sense of right of – even violent – control, for example of men over women.
-# Cultural norms of acceptable violence such as in sport, schools and entertainment that can however trigger excesses of violence.
-* If public/social perception of risks and security remains unconsidered in security installations and measures, these measures are often ineffective:
-# People behave according to their cultural roots and not because planners want them to do so – accordingly they react to security measures differently.
-# Citizens’ conceptions of security solutions are based on their cultural roots, the cultural norms of the society and organisation forms they live in. People have certain expectations and pictures, also from new objects/places/measures.
-# Citizens' conceptions and perceptions strongly correlate with history and what they individually recall: did the region/nation face severe security problems in history? How did the region/nation/government handle this? – If there is awareness, the need for protection is more urgent.
-# Counter-terrorism design reflects a nations security culture in terms of terrorism security, that is varying across nations and is particularly pronounced in countries with higher attack histories (government level). Counter-terrorism good design is considered to include risk response and integrating protective security measures.
 ==Approaches how to address it==

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Security culture typically lacks empirical substantiation. Other concepts strongly argue that differences between actual and perceived security are mainly media constructs, especially the salience media assign to crime incidents so to grasp public fear and catch attention for their product.
-Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT):Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements.London: Earthscan, 2007. Retrieved from <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1> </ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
+Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT):Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements. London: Earthscan, 2007. Retrieved from <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1> </ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
 {{references}}

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Security culture typically lacks empirical substantiation. Other concepts strongly argue that differences between actual and perceived security are mainly media constructs, especially the salience media assign to crime incidents so to grasp public fear and catch attention for their product.
-Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT):Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements.London: Earthscan 2007 2007 Retrieved from <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1> </ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
+Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT):Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements.London: Earthscan, 2007. Retrieved from <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1> </ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
 {{references}}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]
 '''Security culture''' is a cognitive concept that
-* looks into how groups of people perceive things and how this [[Perception of (in)security|perception]] can be explained/predicted/modified;
+* Looks into how groups of people perceive things and how this [[Perception of (in)security|perception]] can be explained/predicted/modified;
-* depends on culturally embedded  meanings of [[risk]]/[[security]].
+* Depends on culturally embedded  meanings of [[risk]]/[[security]].
 Security consciousness becomes a culture when a community/nation as a whole adopts this awareness and demonstrates that those behaviours which violate security are unacceptable. Security culture can be applied at two levels of analysis:
-*the ''citizen level'' (focusing on [[Perception of (in)security|perceptions of security/insecurity]]) and
+*The ''citizen level'' (focusing on [[Perception of (in)security|perceptions of security/insecurity]]) and
-*the ''government level'' (focusing on security-enhancing interventions).
+*The ''government level'' (focusing on security-enhancing interventions).
 For the purpose of Securipedia, aspects known as "security culture" from the technological point of view are [[safety]] aspects.
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ==Description and backgrounds==
 ===Cultural factors===
-Behaviour has cultural roots that need to be understood. Cultural conceptions of risk, security and solutions to security problems vary according to the organization of political and social relations, common values or worldviews of a system/culture.
+Behaviour has cultural roots that need to be understood. Cultural conceptions of risk, security and solutions to security problems vary according to the organisation of political and social relations, common values or worldviews of a system/culture.
-Criminological research has typically identified cultural (and socialization-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and  risk of crime (actual threat): cultural norms, political culture, ideological constructions.<ref>Rob(ert Douglas) White and Daphne Habibis, Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 67-68. </ref>. Following examples are pointed out:
+Criminological research has typically identified cultural (and socialisation-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and  risk of crime (actual threat): cultural norms, political culture, ideological constructions.<ref>Rob(ert Douglas) White and Daphne Habibis, Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 67-68. </ref>. Following examples are pointed out:
-*Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalized young men, feeling themselves excluded from normal paths of enacting the gender-specific norms they have been socialized into, in order to demonstrate virility.
+*Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalised young men, feeling themselves excluded from normal paths of enacting the gender-specific norms they have been socialised into, in order to demonstrate virility.
-*Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanize people who derive from the dominant culture of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males).
+*Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanise people who derive from the dominant culture of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males).
 *Political culture providing a breeding ground for hate crimes against people representing otherness.
-*Ideological constructions of social systems such as the family that involves a sense of right of – even violent – control e.g. of men over women.
+*Ideological constructions of social systems such as the family that involves a sense of right of – even violent – control, for example of men over women.
 *Cultural norms of acceptable violence such as in sport, schools and entertainment that can however trigger excesses of violence.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 Among the important results from security culture analysis on the citizen level is the distinction between “personal” and social fear of crime and its interrelation<ref>Andrea Jerković/Alexander Siedschlag: Primary Interpretation of Survey Findings to Identify National Citizen Security Cultures. WWEDU Center for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, no. 12 (November 2008). Retrieved from http://www.european-security.info/asp12.pdf [2012-04-03]. </ref>:
-* Personal fear of crime (crime perceived as an individual or an individualized problem)
+* Personal fear of crime (crime perceived as an individual or an individualised problem).
-Actual insecurity particularly increases social fear of crime (perception of crime as a problem “out there”) but decreases personal fear of crime (perception of crime as an individual concern).
+Actual insecurity particularly increases social fear of crime (perception of crime as a problem “out there”), but decreases personal fear of crime (perception of crime as an individual concern):
-* Social fear of crime (crime perceived as a problem “out there” in the society, irrespective of personal impact)
+* Social fear of crime (crime perceived as a problem “out there” in the society, irrespective of personal impact).
 Social fear of crime reduces personal fear of crime: Strong knowledge and interpretative contexts present on the national level are a cultural factor that decreases citizens’ individual perception of insecurity.
 ==Security related aspects and benefits==
-* Security culture impacts behaviour and perception in a positive or negative way. For example, criminological research has typically identified the following cultural (and socialization-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and risk of crime (actual threat) <ref>Rob(ert Douglas) White and Daphne Habibis, Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 67-68.</ref>:
+* Security culture impacts behaviour and perception in a positive or negative way. For example, criminological research has typically identified the following cultural (and socialisation-related) factors in relation with crime occurrence and risk of crime (actual threat) <ref>Rob(ert Douglas) White and Daphne Habibis, Crime and Society. Oxford et al.: Oxford University Press, 67-68.</ref>:
-# Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalized young men, feeling themselves excluded from normal paths of enacting the gender-specific norms they have been socialized into, in order to demonstrate virility.
+# Cultural norms that define masculinity and act as enablers for the practice of violence by marginalised young men, feeling themselves excluded from normal paths of enacting the gender-specific norms they have been socialised into, in order to demonstrate virility.
-# Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanize people who derive from the dominant culture of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males)
+# Cultural norms that define masculinity and dehumanise people who derive from the dominant culture of normalcy (e.g. violence against homosexual males)
 # Political culture providing a breeding ground for hate crimes against people representing otherness.
-# Ideological constructions of social systems such as the family that involve a sense of right of – even violent – control e.g. of men over women.
+# Ideological constructions of social systems such as the family that involve a sense of right of – even violent – control, for example of men over women.
 # Cultural norms of acceptable violence such as in sport, schools and entertainment that can however trigger excesses of violence.
 * If public/social perception of risks and security remains unconsidered in security installations and measures, these measures are often ineffective:
 # People behave according to their cultural roots and not because planners want them to do so – accordingly they react to security measures differently.
-# Citizens’s conceptions of security solutions are based on their cultural roots, the cultural norms of the society and organization forms they live in: they have certain expectations and pictures, also from new objects/places/measures.
+# Citizens’ conceptions of security solutions are based on their cultural roots, the cultural norms of the society and organisation forms they live in. People have certain expectations and pictures, also from new objects/places/measures.
-# Citizens conceptions and perceptions strongly correlate with history and what they individually recall: did the region/nation face severe security problems in history? How did the region/nation/government handle this? – If there is awareness, the need for protection is more urgent.
+# Citizens' conceptions and perceptions strongly correlate with history and what they individually recall: did the region/nation face severe security problems in history? How did the region/nation/government handle this? – If there is awareness, the need for protection is more urgent.
-# Counter-terrorism design reflects a nations security culture in terms of terrorism security, which is varying across nations and is particularly pronounced in countries with higher attack histories (government level). Counter-terrorism good design is considered to include risk response and integrating protective security measures.
+# Counter-terrorism design reflects a nations security culture in terms of terrorism security, that is varying across nations and is particularly pronounced in countries with higher attack histories (government level). Counter-terrorism good design is considered to include risk response and integrating protective security measures.
 ==Approaches how to address it==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 :- What would they need to feel safer?
 :
-:- Do they realize the risk/security problem and the need of the measure?
+:- Do they realise the risk/security problem and the need of the measure?
 :
 :- Do they need additional information and education?
-*Provide information on backgrounds: planning principles and standards, national security concerns and problems, ways and options to counteract, handling of new installations etc.
+*Provide information on backgrounds: planning principles and standards, national security concerns and problems, ways and options to counteract, handling of new installations, etc;
 * Identify and analyse the social context to which the tool/measure is applied;
 * Use a comprehensive concept to identify vulnerability in order to reflect the multidimensionality of threats;
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Security culture typically lacks empirical substantiation. Other concepts strongly argue that differences between actual and perceived security are mainly media constructs, especially the salience media assign to crime incidents so to grasp public fear and catch attention for their product.
-Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. London: Earthscan 2007 <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1>, ch. 3.</ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
+Referring to studies in the UK, readers of boulevard newspapers (“tabloids”) have twice the probability to exhibit specific fear of crime (violence, burglary, and car crime) than readers of quality press (“broadsheets”).<ref>United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. London: Earthscan 2007 <http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2432&alt=1>, ch. 3.</ref>  In fact, readers of tabloids arguably belong to different social strata by trend than readers of higher quality press, and may be confronted with more difficult realities. Therefore, empirical results of this kind should be complemented by an analysis of the social, if not cultural context.
 {{references}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Safety]]
 [[Category:Social]]
 '''Security culture''' is a cognitive concept that
 * looks into how groups of people perceive things and how this [[Perception of (in)security|perception]] can be explained/predicted/modified;
@@ Line 78: / Line 77: @@
 {{references}}
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