Retail and commercial services - Revision history

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:57:28Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:57:06Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:36:40Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:35:46Z

Economic

Olav at 11:28, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T11:28:32Z

Olav at 11:25, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T11:25:47Z

Olav at 11:24, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T11:24:50Z

Olav at 10:00, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T10:00:46Z

Florian at 09:47, 26 June 2013

2013-06-26T09:47:50Z

Florian at 09:44, 26 June 2013

2013-06-26T09:44:55Z

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of [[Economic impact of security threats|security threats and their economic impact]]. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.
-Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]](for security measures. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.
+Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]] (for security measures). Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.
 ''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of [[Economic impact of security threats|security threats and their economic impact]]. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.
-Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]]. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.
+Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|investments]](for security measures. Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.
 ''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''
-{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND corporation (an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science)]<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006): [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.</ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined  with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}
+{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND corporation](an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science)<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006): [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.</ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined  with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ''Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events''
-{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND group]<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006). [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program. </ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined  with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}
+{{quote| In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf RAND corporation (an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science)]<ref>RAND Homeland Security (2006): [http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2006/RAND_TR401.sum.pdf Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers. An Analysis of Potential Security Options]. A Rand Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment Program.</ref> assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined  with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}
-The retail core of urban locations can very often draw large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime.
+The retail core of urban locations can very often draw large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime.
 In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance.

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns, and villages - thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending that is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.
-Retail planning guidance advocate a sequential approach to locate retail development in the city/town centre, and only to allow retail development in edge of centre or out of centre locations, where all other options have been exhausted. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners.<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref>
+Retail planning guidance advocates a sequential approach to locate retail development in the town centre. Starting from the centre outwards, allowing retail development on edge of centre or out of centre locations only if all other options for retail development in the centre have been exhausted. However, in recent decades large retail centres have risen at the edge of towns due to the superior acces by road infrastructure. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners.<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref>
 A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 == Description ==
-Retail and commercial services activities are very important drivers of economic activity within urban areas. Retail services predominantly become clustered within a specific area, offering wide ranging services to consumers, and attracting significant footfall. Retail services which may be offered will range from the sale and supply of consumer goods and products, to the provision of social activities such as bars and restaurants. Retail and services activities will typically occur in one of three primary contexts:
+Retail and commercial service activities are very important drivers of economic activity within urban areas. Retail services usually become clustered within a specific area, offering wide ranging services to consumers, and attracting significant footfall. Retail services which may be offered will range from the sale and supply of consumer goods and products, to the provision of social activities such as bars and restaurants. Retail and services activities will typically occur in one of three primary contexts:
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime.
-For example,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects, we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance.
+In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance.
 Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 == Functions ==
 === Social ===
-The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns and villages, thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending which is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.
+The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns, and villages - thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending that is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.
-Retail planning guidance advocate a sequential approach to locate retail development in the city/town centre, and only to allow retail development in edge of centre or out of centre locations where all other options have been exhausted. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref>.
+Retail planning guidance advocate a sequential approach to locate retail development in the city/town centre, and only to allow retail development in edge of centre or out of centre locations, where all other options have been exhausted. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners.<ref>IRELAND: Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (2012) Guidelines for Planning Authorities Retail Planning, p. 30.</ref>
 A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 {{quote|In the run-up to the opening of the 2600th post office, PostNL carried out research into the social function of local shops. The research...has shown that people are still receiving personal service quite literally around the corner from where they live. For almost a quarter of the respondents social contact was the main reason for continuing to visit the shop around the corner.
 Despite the increasing popularity of internet shopping, 98% of Dutch people still find it important that there are shops close to where they live. Almost everyone visits a local shop at least once a week. A quarter of those questioned even visit on a daily basis. The fact that the shop is close by was given as the main reason for the number of visits (56%).
-Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}
+Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.<ref>NETHERLANDS: The research into the social and community relevance of local shops was carried out by ISIZ and Stadspeil using a representative sample survey of 1298 respondents with an equal male/female ratio. Retrieved from: http://www.postnl.com/press/586834/The_social_function_of_the_local_shop_in_the_year_2011.aspx.</ref>.}}
-The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds has obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are oftend addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime.
+The retail core of urban locations can very often draw/attract large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by [[environmental design]]. A common example is the [[designing out]] approach. Since design cannot alter human nature, it cannot be a direct answer to crime and insecurity. However, design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime.
-For example,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> in the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects, we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance.
+For example,<ref>For the following examples, cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref> In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects, we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an [[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|infrastructure]] increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ [[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect]] can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance.
 Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such [[citizen participation]].