Resilience - Revision history

Olav: /* Societal resilience */

2013-08-15T15:06:47Z

Societal resilience

Olav at 15:03, 15 August 2013

2013-08-15T15:03:05Z

Albert: /* Resilience and urban planning */

2013-08-14T14:23:24Z

Resilience and urban planning

Albert at 14:17, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T14:17:41Z

Albert at 14:16, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T14:16:29Z

Albert: /* Description */

2013-08-14T13:25:22Z

Description

John P: /* Societal resilience */

2013-02-20T16:14:24Z

Societal resilience

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 ===Societal resilience===
-'''Societal resilience''' concerns the initial well-being (health, morale, etc.); self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.); social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.); social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).''”<ref>Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.</ref>
+'''Societal resilience''' concerns the well-being (health, morale, etc.), self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.), and social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.) of the general public. The term also includes the resilience of social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).<ref>Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.</ref>
 ==Resilience and urban planning==

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 [[Category:Safety]]
-[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Resilience''' is the extent to which the function of a system is unperturbed by incidents, either by resisting damage and/or recovering quickly.
+[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Resilience''' is the degree to which the functioning of a system is unperturbed by incidents, either by resisting damage and/or recovering quickly.
 ==Description==
-The concept of resilience can be applied to all aspects of society that can be viewed as a system who's functioning can be evaluated. As such, the term gained an important role in the field of protection of [[Critical infrastructure]].
+The concept of resilience applies to all systems of society (or aspects that can be viewed as a system), if its functioning can be evaluated. As such, the term gained an important role in the field of protection of [[Critical infrastructure]].
-Resilience is related to the concept of [[Vulnerability]], in the sense that lowering vulnerability will automatically increase resilience and to the [[Crisis management cycle]], which through a process of constant improvement aims to increase resilience.
+Resilience is related to the concept of [[Vulnerability]], in the sense that lowering vulnerability will most likely increase resilience and to the [[Crisis management cycle]] that, through a process of constant improvement, aims to increase resilience.
 ===Societal resilience===

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 Planning can contribute to building a system (of both social and of built environment) “''to either absorb or respond to negative external influences or to more generalized experiences of perturbation.''” (Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 122)<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009">Coaffee, J/Wood, D.M./Rogers, P. (2009): The Everyday Resilience of the City. How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: p. 122</ref>
+Concrete approaches that can be taken by urban planners to increase resilience, include:
 * Applying a [[comprehensive approach]] to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the [[crisis management cycle]] simultaneously.
-* Follow the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref>
+* Following the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref>
-* Be sensitive to the social context and to [[security culture|security cultures]].
+* Being sensitive to the social context and to [[security culture|security cultures]].
-* The design and use of tools should be based on citizens’ [[Perception of (in)security and risks|perception of (in)security and risks]], feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems.
+* Basing the design and use of tools on citizens’ [[Perception of (in)security and risks|perception of (in)security and risks]], feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems.
-* Identify potential vulnerabilities.
+* Identifying potential vulnerabilities (of which the Securban tool can be used to identify security issues).
-* Resilience thinking in the urban planning process should be grounded on a holistic view by incorporating the following five interconnected functional components: social, economic, political, demographic, and environmental.<ref>Pelling M.: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2003, p. 12.</ref>
+* Using a holistic approach by incorporating the following five interconnected functional components: social, economic, political, demographic, and environmental.<ref>Pelling M.: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2003, p. 12.</ref>
 {{references}}

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 * Applying a [[comprehensive approach]] to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the [[crisis management cycle]] simultaneously.
-* Follow the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.<ref name="Sapirstein 2009"></ref>
+* Follow the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref>
 * Be sensitive to the social context and to [[security culture|security cultures]].
 * The design and use of tools should be based on citizens’ [[Perception of (in)security and risks|perception of (in)security and risks]], feeling of vulnerability and acceptance of technological solutions for security problems.

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-[[Category:Economic]]
-[[Category:Mobility]]
 [[Category:Safety]]
+[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Resilience''' is the extent to which the function of a system is unperturbed by incidents, either by resisting damage and/or recovering quickly.
-[[Category:Social]]
-[[Category:Threat]]
-[[Category:Urban environment]]
-[[Category:Urban object]]
-[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Resilience''' is the capacity of a system to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly.
 ==Description==
+The concept of resilience can be applied to all aspects of society that can be viewed as a system who's functioning can be evaluated. As such, the term gained an important role in the field of protection of [[Critical infrastructure]].
-Resilience can be considered the degree to which a system (e.g. an urban environment as a structural and as a social system) is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disruptions for better future protection and improved risk reduction.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref> Resilience is often described as a dynamic property or process.<ref name ="Lorenz 2010">Lorenz, D. F. (2010): The Diversity of Resilience: Contributions from a Social Science Perspective. Natural Hazards. Published online: 23 November 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9654-y. Retrieved from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/jp68pv2185320301/fulltext.pdf [last access: 24-06-2012].</ref> <ref>Norris, F. H./Stevens. S. P./Pfefferbaum, B./Wyche, K. F./Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008): Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. Am J Community Psychol 41:127–150. DOI 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6.</ref> <ref>Cutter, S.L./Barnes, L./Berry, M./Burton, C./Evans, E./Tate, E./Webb, J. (2008): Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management. CARRI Research Report 1. Community & Regional Resilience Initiative. Online in Internet: URL: http://www.resilientus.org/library/FINAL_CUTTER_9-25-08_1223482309.pdf [last access: 2012-02-14].</ref>
+Resilience is related to the concept of [[Vulnerability]], in the sense that lowering vulnerability will automatically increase resilience and to the [[Crisis management cycle]], which through a process of constant improvement aims to increase resilience.
-===Resilience definitions===
-Two '''definitions''' are cited here, exemplifying an underlying joint agreement upon resilience properties:
-*Cutter (s.a.: 3)<ref>Cutter S.L. (s.a.): A Framework for Measuring Coastal Hazard Resilience in New Jersey Communities. White Paper for the Urban Coast Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.monmouth.edu/uploadedFiles/Resources/Urban_Coast_Institute/SusanCutterFrameworkforMeasuringCoastalHazardResilientCommun.pdf [last access: 2012-03-21].</ref>: “''Resilience is the ability of a system to respond and recover from disaster. It includes those inherent conditions that allow the system to absorb impacts and cope with an event, as well as those post-event adaptations that help the system to change and learn and thus achieve an acceptable level of functioning''.”
-*CRSI (2011: 12)<ref>CRSI (2011): Community Resilience System Initiative (CRSI) Steering Committee. Final Report — a Roadmap to Increased Community Resilience. Community Resilience System Initiative, Community and Regional Resilience Institute: Washington D.C. Retrieved from: http://www.resilientus.org/library/CRSI_Final_Report-1_1314792521.pdf [last access: 2012-06-05].</ref>: “''The CRSI defines community resilience as the capability of a community to anticipate risk, limit impact, and recover rapidly through survival, adaptation, evolution, and growth in the face of turbulent change''”.
 ===Societal resilience===
+'''Societal resilience''' concerns the initial well-being (health, morale, etc.); self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.); social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.); social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).''”<ref>Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.</ref>
-'''Societal resilience''' is understood to be the ability of people, societies and socio-ecological systems to positively adapt to change, risks, threats and harms. Disaster reduction and mitigation measure the time it takes for a community or society to recover from a [[Natural threat|natural]] or man-made hazard.<ref name="Sapirstein 2009"></ref>
+==Resilience and urban planning==
-The concept focuses both '''reactive capabilities''' to cope with, recover from and adjust to adversities and '''proactive capacities''' and action to prepare for and anticipate crisis, create options to response and recover from various kinds of harms and threats. These can comprise:
+Incorporating both safety and security consideration in the process of urban planning can contribute substantially to the resilience of an urban environment, by reducing potential vulnerabilities and impacts and supporting effective crisis management.
+Planning can contribute to building a system (of both social and of built environment) “''to either absorb or respond to negative external influences or to more generalized experiences of perturbation.''” (Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 122)<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009">Coaffee, J/Wood, D.M./Rogers, P. (2009): The Everyday Resilience of the City. How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: p. 122</ref>
+* Applying a [[comprehensive approach]] to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the [[crisis management cycle]] simultaneously.
-*Governance and management of natural and environmental hazards, of climate change and energy policies;
-*Governance and management of demographic challenges and urbanization; development of livelihood, gender and migration concepts;
-*Governance and management of public health; development of health programs;
-*Governance and management of economic and geopolitical risks;
-*Governance and management of external and internal threats.
-===Resilience and vulnerability===
-Improving general '''resilience''' levels also requires tackling and understanding [[vulnerability]]. "''Social vulnerability is the complex set of characteristics that include a person’s: initial well-being (health, morale, etc.); self-protection (asset pattern, income, qualifications, etc.); social protection (hazard preparedness by society, building codes, shelters, etc.); social and political networks and institutions (social capital, institutional environment, etc.).''”<ref>Cannon T. et al.: Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters. Report to DFID. Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Office London, 2003, pp. 4-5.</ref>
-==Security related aspects and benefits==
-*Enhancing resilience of a community is becoming an acknowledged concept and mechanism for mitigating impacts from disasters, terrorist attacks or other disturbances on urban or local level.
-*[[Urban planning]], as one of the most effective mitigation instruments, should and can essentially contribute to increasing '''community resilience''' ( of cities, towns, municipalities, districts or neighbourhood communities).
-* By identifying potential vulnerabilities, urban planning can directly contribute to the strengthening of community resilience.
-* Urban planning can contribute to building a system (of both social and of built environment) “''to either absorb or respond to negative external influences or to more generalized experiences of perturbation.''” (Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009: 122)<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009">Coaffee, J/Wood, D.M./Rogers, P. (2009): The Everyday Resilience of the City. How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: p. 122</ref>
-==Approaches how to address it==
-*Applying a [[comprehensive approach]] to urban planning can help increase societal resilience, because it acknowledges that an urban system can be confronted with all the phases of the [[crisis management cycle]] simultaneously.
 * Follow the disaster reduction and mitigation principles of resilience building.<ref name="Sapirstein 2009"></ref>
 * Be sensitive to the social context and to [[security culture|security cultures]].
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 * Resilience thinking in the urban planning process should be grounded on a holistic view by incorporating the following five interconnected functional components: social, economic, political, demographic, and environmental.<ref>Pelling M.: The Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2003, p. 12.</ref>
+{{references}}
-Approaches such as “[[New urbanism]]” have been led by the assumption that societal resilience could be increased by informed, progressive architectural design that per se would meliorate human behaviour and reduce insecurity as well as citizens’ feeling thereof, however this physical only determinism will not hold.
-==References==
-<references/>
-http://securipedia.eu/cool/index.php?wiki=securipedia.eu&concept=Resilience
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 ==Description==
+Resilience can be considered the degree to which a system (e.g. an urban environment as a structural and as a social system) is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disruptions for better future protection and improved risk reduction.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref> Resilience is often described as a dynamic property or process.<ref name ="Lorenz 2010">Lorenz, D. F. (2010): The Diversity of Resilience: Contributions from a Social Science Perspective. Natural Hazards. Published online: 23 November 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9654-y. Retrieved from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/jp68pv2185320301/fulltext.pdf [last access: 24-06-2012].</ref> <ref>Norris, F. H./Stevens. S. P./Pfefferbaum, B./Wyche, K. F./Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008): Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. Am J Community Psychol 41:127–150. DOI 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6.</ref> <ref>Cutter, S.L./Barnes, L./Berry, M./Burton, C./Evans, E./Tate, E./Webb, J. (2008): Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management. CARRI Research Report 1. Community & Regional Resilience Initiative. Online in Internet: URL: http://www.resilientus.org/library/FINAL_CUTTER_9-25-08_1223482309.pdf [last access: 2012-02-14].</ref>
-In the context of societal [[security]], '''resilience''' typically refers to a [[Community safety|community]] as a whole.
-In urban studies, the concept of resilience has recently been linked back to its ecological origins and applied as a concept within the context of [[environmental psychology]]. This concept has been placed in a socio-political context focusing on macro-resilience of an urban society as a whole.<ref name ="Coaffee/Wood/Rogers 2009"></ref>
-Resilience can be considered as the degree to which a system (e.g. an urban environment as a structural and as a social system) is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disruptions for better future protection and improved risk reduction.<ref name ="Sapirstein 2009">Sapirstein, G. (2009): Social Resilience: The Forgotten Element in Disaster Reduction. Boston: Organizational Resilience International. Retrieved from http://www.oriconsulting.com/social_resilience.pdf [last access: 2012-05-11].)</ref> Resilience is often described as a dynamic property or process.<ref name ="Lorenz 2010">Lorenz, D. F. (2010): The Diversity of Resilience: Contributions from a Social Science Perspective. Natural Hazards. Published online: 23 November 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9654-y. Retrieved from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/jp68pv2185320301/fulltext.pdf [last access: 24-06-2012].</ref> <ref>Norris, F. H./Stevens. S. P./Pfefferbaum, B./Wyche, K. F./Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008): Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. Am J Community Psychol 41:127–150. DOI 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6.</ref> <ref>Cutter, S.L./Barnes, L./Berry, M./Burton, C./Evans, E./Tate, E./Webb, J. (2008): Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management. CARRI Research Report 1. Community & Regional Resilience Initiative. Online in Internet: URL: http://www.resilientus.org/library/FINAL_CUTTER_9-25-08_1223482309.pdf [last access: 2012-02-14].</ref>
 ===Resilience definitions===

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