Residential - Revision history

Albert at 23:25, 19 January 2018

2018-01-19T23:25:18Z

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:54:13Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:53:05Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-10-30T11:32:10Z

Economic

Olav at 11:46, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T11:46:55Z

Olav at 09:58, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T09:58:26Z

Olav at 09:33, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T09:33:32Z

Olav at 09:23, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T09:23:45Z

Olav at 09:01, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T09:01:47Z

Olav at 08:41, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T08:41:31Z

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 === Economic ===
-Residential areas accommodate the people who operate in and utilise the economic systems of the urban area. Additionally, residential areas both enhance a communities’ ability to attract new business, and in the same time provide citizens with one of its most basic needs (housing). As a whole, residential land use is the most valuable urban spatial structure due to its great aggregate value and [[causes::Economic impact|economic impact]] for the local economy<ref>For example: Residential development creates direct construction activity (primary economic impact), including planning professionals, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). Indirectly, residential areas create local jobs, income and taxes due to the consumption generated by residential inhabitants.</ref>. Moreover, residential areas foster critical population mass which contributes to economic, social and transport (infrastructure) activities. These economic impacts can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
+Residential areas accommodate the people who operate in and utilise the economic systems of the urban area. Additionally, residential areas both enhance a communities’ ability to attract new business, and in the same time provide citizens with one of its most basic needs (housing). As a whole, residential land use is the most valuable urban spatial structure due to its great aggregate value and [[Economic impact|economic impact]] for the local economy<ref>For example: Residential development creates direct construction activity (primary economic impact), including planning professionals, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). Indirectly, residential areas create local jobs, income and taxes due to the consumption generated by residential inhabitants.</ref>. Moreover, residential areas foster critical population mass which contributes to economic, social and transport (infrastructure) activities. These economic impacts can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
 The most common types of residential [[Threat|security threats]] (in terms of human intent) are crime related (e.g., domestic burglary, robbery, graffiti, assault, etc.). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]]  in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property) and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|Indirectly]], crime has (amongst others) an impact on, for example, the local real estate value<ref>This regards not only violent crimes or domestic burglary, but also petty crimes such as graffiti and vandalism.</ref>.

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 Residential areas accommodate the people who operate in and utilise the economic systems of the urban area. Additionally, residential areas both enhance a communities’ ability to attract new business, and in the same time provide citizens with one of its most basic needs (housing). As a whole, residential land use is the most valuable urban spatial structure due to its great aggregate value and [[causes::Economic impact|economic impact]] for the local economy<ref>For example: Residential development creates direct construction activity (primary economic impact), including planning professionals, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). Indirectly, residential areas create local jobs, income and taxes due to the consumption generated by residential inhabitants.</ref>. Moreover, residential areas foster critical population mass which contributes to economic, social and transport (infrastructure) activities. These economic impacts can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
-The most common types of residential [[Threat|security threats]] (in terms of human intent) are crime related (e.g., domestic burglary, robbery, graffiti, assault, etc.). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]]  in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property) and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic effects of crime|Indirectly]], crime has (amongst others) an impact on, for example, the local real estate value<ref>This regards not only violent crimes or domestic burglary, but also petty crimes such as graffiti and vandalism.</ref>.
+The most common types of residential [[Threat|security threats]] (in terms of human intent) are crime related (e.g., domestic burglary, robbery, graffiti, assault, etc.). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]]  in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property) and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact of crime|Indirectly]], crime has (amongst others) an impact on, for example, the local real estate value<ref>This regards not only violent crimes or domestic burglary, but also petty crimes such as graffiti and vandalism.</ref>.
 Security devices such as locks, closed circuit television, surveillance or improved street lightning have an [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact (of security measures)]] (in terms of costs and benefits) which can be considerable. Another way to enhance security is by design, e.g. the [[Designing out approach|designing out approach]], or as an aspect of [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], which seeks a balanced consideration of social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects in urban design<ref>Including fundamental issues such as how affordability can be reconciled with a secure/safe place to live, and how an imbalance between affluence and deprivation can be prevented.</ref>. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime. An example of home security measures:

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 The most common types of residential [[Threat|security threats]] (in terms of human intent) are crime related (e.g., domestic burglary, robbery, graffiti, assault, etc.). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]]  in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property) and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic effects of crime|Indirectly]], crime has (amongst others) an impact on, for example, the local real estate value<ref>This regards not only violent crimes or domestic burglary, but also petty crimes such as graffiti and vandalism.</ref>.
-Security devices such as locks, closed circuit television, surveillance or improved street lightning have an [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact]] (in terms of costs and benefits) which can be considerable. Another way to enhance security is by design, e.g. the [[Designing out approach|designing out approach]], or as an aspect of [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], which seeks a balanced consideration of social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects in urban design<ref>Including fundamental issues such as how affordability can be reconciled with a secure/safe place to live, and how an imbalance between affluence and deprivation can be prevented.</ref>. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime. An example of home security measures:
+Security devices such as locks, closed circuit television, surveillance or improved street lightning have an [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact (of security measures)]] (in terms of costs and benefits) which can be considerable. Another way to enhance security is by design, e.g. the [[Designing out approach|designing out approach]], or as an aspect of [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], which seeks a balanced consideration of social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects in urban design<ref>Including fundamental issues such as how affordability can be reconciled with a secure/safe place to live, and how an imbalance between affluence and deprivation can be prevented.</ref>. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime. An example of home security measures:
 {{quote|The Association of British Insurers (ABI)<ref>Association of British Insurers (2006): Securing the Nation: The Case for Safer Homes.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis on target hardening measures  for home security. The analysis was based on the estimates of the average household cost of burglary (£3,300), the average cost of Security By Design (SBD) target hardening (£630), burglary rates (average 2.7 - 6.7% range), and socio-economic demographics. The per household net present value benefit of target hardening measures was projected over 20 years, yielding benefits of over £1,170 per household. As a result, the average household benefits are nearly double the average cost of the introduced security measures.}}

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 Security devices such as locks, closed circuit television, surveillance or improved street lightning have an [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact]] (in terms of costs and benefits) which can be considerable. Another way to enhance security is by design, e.g. the [[Designing out approach|designing out approach]], or as an aspect of [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], which seeks a balanced consideration of social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects in urban design<ref>Including fundamental issues such as how affordability can be reconciled with a secure/safe place to live, and how an imbalance between affluence and deprivation can be prevented.</ref>. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime. An example of home security measures:
-{{quote|The Association of British Insurers (ABI)<ref>Association of British Insurers (2006). ''Securing the Nation: The Case for Safer Homes''</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis on target hardening measures  for home security. The analysis was based on the estimates of the average household cost of burglary (£3,300), the average cost of Security By Design (SBD) target hardening (£630), burglary rates (average 2.7 - 6.7% range), and socio-economic demographics. The per household net present value benefit of target hardening measures was projected over 20 years, yielding benefits of over £1,170 per household. As a result, the average household benefits are nearly double the average cost of the introduced security measures.}}
+{{quote|The Association of British Insurers (ABI)<ref>Association of British Insurers (2006): Securing the Nation: The Case for Safer Homes.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis on target hardening measures  for home security. The analysis was based on the estimates of the average household cost of burglary (£3,300), the average cost of Security By Design (SBD) target hardening (£630), burglary rates (average 2.7 - 6.7% range), and socio-economic demographics. The per household net present value benefit of target hardening measures was projected over 20 years, yielding benefits of over £1,170 per household. As a result, the average household benefits are nearly double the average cost of the introduced security measures.}}
 === Mobility ===

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 [[Category:Urban object]]
-[[File:RESIDENTIAL.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]A residential unit is an [[urban object]], which is generally zoned or designated for dwelling purposes and designed to accommodate housing facilities in which people can live.
+[[File:RESIDENTIAL.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]A '''residential unit''' is an [[urban object]], which is generally zoned or designated for dwelling purposes and designed to accommodate housing facilities in which people can live.
 == Description ==

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 === Economic ===
-Residential areas accommodate the people who operate in and utilise the economic systems of the urban area. Additionally, residential areas both enhance a communities’ ability to attract new business, and in the same time provide citizens with one of its most basic needs (housing). As a whole, residential land use is the most valuable urban spatial structure due to its great aggregate value and [[causes::Economic impact|economic impact]] for the local economy<ref>For example: Residential development creates direct construction activity (primary economic impact), including planning professionals, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). Indirectly, residential areas create local jobs, income and taxes due to the consumption generated by residential inhabitants.</ref>. Moreover, residential areas foster critical mass which contributes to economic, social and transport (infrastructure) activities. These economic impacts can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
+Residential areas accommodate the people who operate in and utilise the economic systems of the urban area. Additionally, residential areas both enhance a communities’ ability to attract new business, and in the same time provide citizens with one of its most basic needs (housing). As a whole, residential land use is the most valuable urban spatial structure due to its great aggregate value and [[causes::Economic impact|economic impact]] for the local economy<ref>For example: Residential development creates direct construction activity (primary economic impact), including planning professionals, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). Indirectly, residential areas create local jobs, income and taxes due to the consumption generated by residential inhabitants.</ref>. Moreover, residential areas foster critical population mass which contributes to economic, social and transport (infrastructure) activities. These economic impacts can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
 The most common types of residential [[Threat|security threats]] (in terms of human intent) are crime related (e.g., domestic burglary, robbery, graffiti, assault, etc.). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]]  in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property) and in response to crime (police investigation, legal system, etc.). [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic effects of crime|Indirectly]], crime has (amongst others) an impact on, for example, the local real estate value<ref>This regards not only violent crimes or domestic burglary, but also petty crimes such as graffiti and vandalism.</ref>.
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 For a residential zone, in the morning there will be many trips going out (e.g. towards work, school), while in the afternoon there will be large demands going into the zone. This should be taken into account for operating traffic management measures or for predicting future/expected traffic flows.
-Furthermore, in order to prevent crime, the mobility network should be designed such that there are as little spaces as possible that cannot be seen easily by the public. Crime and anti-social behaviour are more likely to occur if criminals can operate, including travelling to and from the location, without fear of being seen; and if all sides of buildings and all parts of spaces are not overlooked by surrounding users or passers-by <ref name="SaferPlaces" /> .
+Furthermore, in order to prevent crime, the mobility network should be designed such that there are as little spaces as possible that cannot be seen easily by the public. Crime and anti-social behaviour are more likely to occur if criminals can operate, including travelling to and from the location, without fear of being detected; and if all sides of buildings and all parts of spaces are not overlooked by surrounding users or passers-by <ref name="SaferPlaces" /> .
 ==== Cul-de-sacs ====
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 === Safety ===
-Safety in all its forms, is an important function for the perceived quality of these environments. The common presence of children in residential areas further elevate the required safety standards. However well as these environments are designed to provide safety, the safety function can be deteriorated by crime. Examples of crime deteriorating safety are:
+Safety, in all its forms, is an important function for the perceived quality of these environments. The common presence of children in residential areas further elevate the required safety standards. Although these environments are designed to provide safety, the safety function can be deteriorated by crime. Examples of crime deteriorating safety are:
 * [[File:electricity_meter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Vandalised electricity meters, leading to potentially unsafe situations]][[Security issue: Vandalism| Vandalism]]: destruction of safety features (such as traffic signs, fencing around dangerous areas or child-safe playgrounds) can lead to dangerous situations and safety hazards.
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 * [[Security issue: Graffiti| Graffiti]]
-Of these crimes, burglary is in general regarded as the most relevant to residential areas. Burglary is a security issue that is amongst others affected by the population density. Though generally high population density is associated with high rates of assault and burglary, when corrected for the presence of poverty and lack of vegetation, rates of assaults and burglaries are higher in more sparsely populated neighbourhoods. This means that especially high-density neighbourhoods with little vegetation are prone to these issues<ref>Mary K. Wolfe, Jeremy Mennis;''Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA''; in: Landscape and Urban Planning 108 (2012), pp 112– 122</ref>. Many traditional designed high-rise residential environments [[Image:Housing High Rise.jpg|x30px|link=]]were designed with these qualities, leading to relatively high levels of crime and a tendency for early deterioration.
+Of these crimes, burglary is generally regarded as the most relevant to residential areas. Burglary is a security issue that is, amongst others influences, affected by the population density. Alhough, a high population density is generally associated with high rates of assault and burglary, when corrected for the presence of poverty and lack of vegetation, rates of assaults and burglaries are higher in more sparsely populated neighbourhoods. This means that especially high-density neighbourhoods with little vegetation are prone to these issues<ref>Mary K. Wolfe, Jeremy Mennis;''Does vegetation encourage or suppress urban crime? Evidence from Philadelphia, PA''; in: Landscape and Urban Planning 108 (2012), pp 112– 122</ref>. Many traditional designed high-rise residential environments [[Image:Housing High Rise.jpg|x30px|link=]]were designed with these qualities, leading to relatively high levels of crime and a tendency for early deterioration.
 == Measures ==
 * [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|Directing traffic flows]] can be effective both in preventing criminals to become aware of opportunities and reducing the opportunities for approach of a target. Especially housing blocks[[Image:Housing Block.jpg|x30px|link=]] and housing estates[[Image:Housing Estate.jpg|x30px|link=]] can benefit from a careful design of traffic flows, effectively reducing the 'visibility' of an area to criminals. For high-rise housing [[Image:Housing High Rise.jpg|x30px|link=]]this is less effective due the high visibility of the structure.
 * [[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] can greatly increase the effort needed for criminals to enter the object and thereby reduce the attractiveness of a n object
-* [[measure: Surveillance|Surveillance]] can be effective against mentioned security issues, but can incur high costs if implemented as dedicated observers, either on location or remote. A more natural form of surveillance is surveillance by the inhabitants (also known as 'natural surveillance'). This can be very effective if the right conditions are met, such as adequate surveillability of the environment (from the own home), social cohesion and a sense of ownership. These factors can all be influenced by the structure of the built environment, but have proven to be most challenging to achieve in high-rise housing [[Image:Housing High Rise.jpg|x30px|link=]].
+* [[Measure: Surveillance|Surveillance]] can be effective against mentioned security issues, but can incur high costs if implemented as dedicated observers, either on location or remote. A more natural form of surveillance is surveillance by the inhabitants (also known as 'natural surveillance'). This can be very effective if the right conditions are met, such as adequate surveillability of the environment (from the own home), social cohesion and a sense of ownership. These factors can all be influenced by the structure of the built environment, but have proven to be most challenging to achieve in high-rise housing [[Image:Housing High Rise.jpg|x30px|link=]].
 * [[Measure: Intervention force|Intervention force]] is needed to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance effective
 * [[Measure: Target removal|Target removal]] such as the removal of coin operated gas and electricity meters in houses or coin operated parking meters

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 *The level of safety and security is a very important value in the perceived attractiveness of a residential area (see illustration), as residential areas provide the home base for people and their families. In addition, inadequate housing increases the risk of ill-health and disability; it can also lead to poor mental health. Areas having inadequate housing usually coinside with lower educational attainment, unemployment, and poverty in that same area.
-*Poor residential development (bad housing) can impact children's future chances. The Shelter housing agency report 'Chance of a Lifetime' documents the powerful influence of poor housing on children's lives and shows how its destabilising impact resonates well into adulthood.<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref> In every aspect of life - mental, physical, emotional, social and economic - living in bad housing can leave a devastating legacy on children. Studies show that poor housing can lead to a 25 per cent higher risk of experiencing severe ill-health and disability before they reach middle age. It can have a devastating impact on emotional wellbeing. Research also shows that homeless children are three to four times more likely to have mental health problems than other children,<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref>while bad housing can also lead to youth behavioural problems and offences:
+*Poor residential development (bad housing) can impact children's future chances. The Shelter housing agency report 'Chance of a Lifetime' documents the powerful influence of poor housing on children's lives and shows how its destabilising impact resonates well into adulthood.<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref> In every aspect of life - mental, physical, emotional, social and economic - living in bad housing can leave a devastating legacy on children. Studies show that poor housing can lead to a 25 per cent higher risk of experiencing severe ill-health and disability before they reach middle age. It can have a devastating impact on emotional wellbeing. Research also shows that bad housing can lead to behavioural problems and offences in juveniles:
 {{quote|How does bad housing affect children’s chances to make a positive contribution in life?
-* Homeless children are more likely to show signs of behavioural problems such as aggression, hyperactivity, and impulsivity;
+* Homeless children are more likely to show signs of behavioural problems such as aggression, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
+* Homeless children are three to four times more likely to have mental health problems than other children,<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref>;
 * Poor housing conditions and overcrowding may also contribute to the emergence of problem behaviour;
 * Behavioural difficulties in childhood, which may be attributable to or exacerbated by bad housing, can manifest themselves in offending behaviour later in life. In the UK, nearly half of male remand young offenders and 42 per cent of female sentenced young offenders have experienced homelessness).<ref>http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/66364/Lifechancereport.pdf</ref>.}}
 ====Hazard-reducing aspects====
-*Quality of residency also has criminological impact in that it can contribute to preventing - or creating - hazard. Evidence suggests that nearly half of young offenders have experienced homelessness as a child, and the roots of offending behaviour may well be traceable to problems that emerge when children grow up in such conditions.<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Chance of a lifetime. The impact of bad housing on children’s lives. Retrieved from: http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/39202/Chance_of_a_Lifetime.pdf</ref>
+*Quality of residency also has criminological impact; it can contribute to preventing or creating hazard. Evidence suggests that nearly half of young offenders have experienced homelessness as a child, and the roots of offending behaviour may well be traceable to problems that emerge when children grow up in such conditions.<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Chance of a lifetime. The impact of bad housing on children’s lives. Retrieved from: http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/39202/Chance_of_a_Lifetime.pdf</ref>
-*Research has also shown that a wide range of features of the physical environment at the street block and neighborhood levels have proven relevant to predicting crime rates and crime-related outcomes, such as fear of crime and neighborhood confidence, that among other things relate to the perception of hazard.<ref>Taylor, R.B. and Harrell, A.V. (1996) Physical Environment and Crime: A Final Summary Report Presented to the National Institute of Justice </ref>
+*Research has also shown that a wide range of features of the physical environment at the street block and neighborhood level have proven relevant to predict crime rates and crime-related outcomes, such as fear of crime and neighborhood confidence. These aspects among other things relate to the perception of hazard.<ref>Taylor, R.B. and Harrell, A.V. (1996) Physical Environment and Crime: A Final Summary Report Presented to the National Institute of Justice </ref>
-In terms of practical methods, [[crime prevention by design]] - such as for example "crime prevention through [[environmental design]]" (CPTED) - is of priority in this field, although it also involves some measures directed at vulnerability reduction rather than reduction of hazard.
+In terms of practical methods, [[crime prevention by design]] - for example "crime prevention through [[environmental design]]" (CPTED) - is of priority in this field, although it also involves some measures directed at vulnerability reduction rather than reduction of hazard.
 === Economic ===

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 *Residential areas should provide some aspect with which citizen's can identify (be it employment or a recreational facility) and offer the services or facilities that they seek. Some people, who rent property within areas, may feel less of a sense of ownership or commitment for that area if services or facilities are lacking.<ref>http://www.npr.org/2012/06/07/154504195/generation-rent-slamming-door-of-homeownership.</ref>
-*Communities with high levels of 'collective efficacy' – or high levels of cohesion and mutual trust – will be willing to intervene to challenge behaviour in a given setting and stop it from escalating. Communities with low levels of ‘collective efficacy’ (e.g. areas with a high proportion of young offenders as a result of a churning migrant population with shifting moral values, high levels of poverty, and low levels of community cohesion) will be less willing or able to intervene.<ref>Carrabine E., Cox P., Lee M., Plummer, K. and South, N. (2008) Criminology. A Sociological Introduction. 2nd Edition. London et al: Rouldedge, Chapter 8: "Crime, Place and Space"</ref>
+*Communities with high levels of 'collective efficacy' – the capacity to produce an effect collecively - high levels of cohesion, and mutual trust will be willing to intervene to potential disruptive behaviour and stop it from escalating. Communities with low levels of ‘collective efficacy’ (e.g. areas with a high proportion of young offenders as a result of a churning migrant population with shifting moral values, high levels of poverty, and low levels of community cohesion) will be less willing or able to intervene.<ref>Carrabine E., Cox P., Lee M., Plummer, K. and South, N. (2008) Criminology. A Sociological Introduction. 2nd Edition. London et al: Rouldedge, Chapter 8: "Crime, Place and Space"</ref>
 ====Vulnerability-reducing aspects====
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 There are a couple of relations between the built environment of a residential area and its vulnerability from a security point of view, such as the following:
-*The level of safety and security is a very important value in the perceived attractiveness of a residential area (see illustration), as residential areas provide the home base for people and their families. In addition, inadequate housing increases the risk of severe ill health and disability; it can also lead to poor mental health, lower educational attainment, unemployment, and poverty.
+*The level of safety and security is a very important value in the perceived attractiveness of a residential area (see illustration), as residential areas provide the home base for people and their families. In addition, inadequate housing increases the risk of ill-health and disability; it can also lead to poor mental health. Areas having inadequate housing usually coinside with lower educational attainment, unemployment, and poverty in that same area.
-*Another example is that poor residential development (bad housing) can impact on children's future chances. The Shelter housing agency report 'Chance of a Lifetime' documents the powerful influence of poor housing on children's lives and shows how its destabilising impact is felt long into adulthood.<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref> On every aspect of life - mental, physical, emotional, social and economic - living in bad housing can hand children a devastating legacy. Studies show that poor housing can lead to a 25 per cent higher risk of experiencing severe ill-health and disability before they reach middle age. It can have a devastating impact on emotional wellbeing. Research shows that homeless children are three to four times more likely to have mental health problems than other children,<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref>while bad housing can also lead to youth behavioural problems and offences:
+*Poor residential development (bad housing) can impact children's future chances. The Shelter housing agency report 'Chance of a Lifetime' documents the powerful influence of poor housing on children's lives and shows how its destabilising impact resonates well into adulthood.<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref> In every aspect of life - mental, physical, emotional, social and economic - living in bad housing can leave a devastating legacy on children. Studies show that poor housing can lead to a 25 per cent higher risk of experiencing severe ill-health and disability before they reach middle age. It can have a devastating impact on emotional wellbeing. Research also shows that homeless children are three to four times more likely to have mental health problems than other children,<ref>Harker, Lisa (2006) Home Truths. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplement.</ref>while bad housing can also lead to youth behavioural problems and offences:
 {{quote|How does bad housing affect children’s chances to make a positive contribution in life?
 * Homeless children are more likely to show signs of behavioural problems such as aggression, hyperactivity, and impulsivity;

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 ====Resilience-enhancing aspects====
-Residential land use is hugely important to a citizen's quality of life, and the standard of housing experienced by citizens will have a significant impact on overall health. Housing provides shelter, a basic human need, and privacy. The quality of housing is influenced by its size, amenities, habitability, and general liveability. The attractiveness of residential areas and the wider urban environment influences the quality of life of citizens. Those aspects are important from the societal [[security]] point of view since they have an impact on [[resilience]], at individual and collective levels, as illustrated by the following examples:
+Residential land use is very important to a citizen's quality of life, and the standard of housing experienced by citizens will have a significant impact on overall health. Housing provides shelter, fulfilling basic human needs, and privacy. The quality of housing is influenced by size, amenities, habitability, and general liveability. The attractiveness of residential areas and the wider urban environment are important from a societal [[security]] point of view since they have an impact on [[resilience]], at individual and collective levels, as illustrated by the following examples:
-*Residential areas should provide some aspect with which citizen's may identify (be it employment or a recreational facility, etc) and offer the services/facilities that they seek. Some people, who rent property within areas, may feel less of a sense of ownership or permanency/commitment for that area.<ref>http://www.npr.org/2012/06/07/154504195/generation-rent-slamming-door-of-homeownership.</ref>
+*Residential areas should provide some aspect with which citizen's can identify (be it employment or a recreational facility) and offer the services or facilities that they seek. Some people, who rent property within areas, may feel less of a sense of ownership or commitment for that area if services or facilities are lacking.<ref>http://www.npr.org/2012/06/07/154504195/generation-rent-slamming-door-of-homeownership.</ref>
 *Communities with high levels of 'collective efficacy' – or high levels of cohesion and mutual trust – will be willing to intervene to challenge behaviour in a given setting and stop it from escalating. Communities with low levels of ‘collective efficacy’ (e.g. areas with a high proportion of young offenders as a result of a churning migrant population with shifting moral values, high levels of poverty, and low levels of community cohesion) will be less willing or able to intervene.<ref>Carrabine E., Cox P., Lee M., Plummer, K. and South, N. (2008) Criminology. A Sociological Introduction. 2nd Edition. London et al: Rouldedge, Chapter 8: "Crime, Place and Space"</ref>

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 ===Residential building types===
-Residential development can encompass a wide variety of structures. For the use of this page, we divided this broad spectrum into three archetypes:
+Residential development can encompass a wide variety of structures. For simplicity and clarity, the broad spectrum of residential building types is divided into three archetypes:
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-These archetypes will never completely fit any specific situation, but are used to present the typical issues associated with these archetypical situations, to enable the reader to decide to what degree it applies to his or hers specific situation.
+These archetypes will never completely fit any specific situation, but are used to present the typical issues associated with these archetypical situations. Thereby enabling the reader to decide to what extent it applies to his or hers specific situation.
 In the text below, any of these three icons will be used whenever a observation is specific to one or more of the above mentioned archetypes.