Rail network - Revision history

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:28:58Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:27:49Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:27:10Z

Economic

Olav at 09:27, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:27:48Z

Olav at 09:26, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:26:58Z

Gerdien: /* Mobility */

2013-05-03T15:06:48Z

Mobility

Gerdien: /* Mobility */

2013-05-03T15:06:17Z

Mobility

Gerdien: /* Mobility */

2013-05-01T16:22:17Z

Mobility

Albert at 14:47, 3 April 2013

2013-04-03T14:47:26Z

Albert: /* Measures */

2013-04-03T14:45:53Z

Measures

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 * Enhanced energy security."
-Threats to rail networks are mostly limited to crime (theft of valuable materials such as copper and metal) and vandalism. There is, however, also a looming chance for terrorist assaults like in Madrid (2004) causing a direct [[Economic impact of security threats|economic damage]] of more than € 5 million on railway infrastructure<ref>Buesa, M., A. Valiňo, J. Heijs, T. Baumert, J G. Gómez (2006): The Economic Cost of March 11: Measuring the Direct Economic Cost of the Terrorist Attack on March 11, 2004 in Madrid.</ref> and indirect economic impact due to delays and blockades in rail traffic. Hence, security measures that focus on resilience can generate positive leverage compared to the necessary investments, but could also have an impact on the efficiency of transportation, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]].
+Threats to rail networks are mostly limited to crime (theft of valuable materials such as copper and metal) and vandalism. There is, however, also a looming chance for terrorist assaults like in Madrid (2004), causing a direct [[Economic impact of security threats|economic damage]] of more than € 5 million on railway infrastructure<ref>Buesa, M., A. Valiňo, J. Heijs, T. Baumert, J G. Gómez (2006): The Economic Cost of March 11: Measuring the Direct Economic Cost of the Terrorist Attack on March 11, 2004 in Madrid.</ref>, and (in addition) indirect economic impact due to delays and blockades in rail traffic. Hence, security measures that focus on resilience can generate positive leverage compared to the necessary investments, but could also have an impact on the efficiency of transportation, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]].
 === Mobility ===

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 === Economic ===
-By connecting geographic locations, rail networks facilitate the transport and movement of people, goods, and services, creating welfare ([[economic impact]]). In many countries, rail transport is the preferred transport mode for bulk goods (some of it dangerous), especially on long-distances. Due to the increasing expansion of cities and urban centres, the demand for large-scale passenger and freight transport has steadily grown world-wide. Historically, in many regions and countries this increased demand has been met by expanding the road networks, but rail networks provide many (indirect) economic benefits over road networks. According to a study by Deloitte Access Economics (2011)<ref>Deloitte Access Economics (2011): The true value of rail. The Australasian Railway Association.</ref> some of the benefits of rail networks are:
+By connecting geographic locations, rail networks facilitate the transport and movement of people, goods, and services, creating welfare ([[economic impact]]). In many countries, rail transport is the preferred transport mode for bulk goods (some of it dangerous), especially on long-distances. Due to the increasing expansion of cities and urban centres, the demand for large-scale passenger and freight transport has steadily grown world-wide. Historically, in many regions and countries this increased demand has been met by expanding the road networks, but rail networks provide many (indirect) economic benefits over road networks. According to a study by Deloitte Access Economics (2011)<ref>Deloitte Access Economics (2011): The true value of rail. The Australasian Railway Association.</ref>, some of the benefits of rail networks are:
 * “Improved land use and urban densification;
 * Lower carbon emissions;

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 === Economic ===
-By connecting geographic locations, rail networks facilitate the transport and movement of people, goods, and services, creating welfare ([[economic impact]]). In many countries, rail transport is the preferred transport mode for bulk goods (some of it dangerous), especially on long-distances. Due to the increasing expansion of cities and urban centres, the demand for large-scale passenger and freight transport has steadily grown world-wide. Historically, in many regions and countries this increased demand has been met by expanding the road networks, but rail networks provide many (indirect) economic benefits over road networks. According to a study by Deloitte Access Economics (2011)<ref>Deloitte Access Economics (2011). The true value of rail. The Australasian Railway Association.</ref> some of the benefits of rail networks are:
+By connecting geographic locations, rail networks facilitate the transport and movement of people, goods, and services, creating welfare ([[economic impact]]). In many countries, rail transport is the preferred transport mode for bulk goods (some of it dangerous), especially on long-distances. Due to the increasing expansion of cities and urban centres, the demand for large-scale passenger and freight transport has steadily grown world-wide. Historically, in many regions and countries this increased demand has been met by expanding the road networks, but rail networks provide many (indirect) economic benefits over road networks. According to a study by Deloitte Access Economics (2011)<ref>Deloitte Access Economics (2011): The true value of rail. The Australasian Railway Association.</ref> some of the benefits of rail networks are:
 * “Improved land use and urban densification;
 * Lower carbon emissions;
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 * Enhanced energy security."
-Threats to rail networks are mostly limited to crime (theft of valuable materials such as copper and metal) and vandalism. There is, however, also a looming chance for terrorist assaults like in Madrid (2004) causing a direct [[Economic impact of security threats|economic damage]] of more than € 5 million on railway infrastructure<ref>Buesa, M., A. Valiňo, J. Heijs, T. Baumert, J G. Gómez (2006). The Economic Cost of March 11: Measuring the Direct Economic Cost of the Terrorist Attack on March 11, 2004 in Madrid.</ref> and indirect economic impact due to delays and blockades in rail traffic. Hence, security measures that focus on resilience can generate positive leverage compared to the necessary investments, but could also have an impact on the efficiency of transportation, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]].
+Threats to rail networks are mostly limited to crime (theft of valuable materials such as copper and metal) and vandalism. There is, however, also a looming chance for terrorist assaults like in Madrid (2004) causing a direct [[Economic impact of security threats|economic damage]] of more than € 5 million on railway infrastructure<ref>Buesa, M., A. Valiňo, J. Heijs, T. Baumert, J G. Gómez (2006): The Economic Cost of March 11: Measuring the Direct Economic Cost of the Terrorist Attack on March 11, 2004 in Madrid.</ref> and indirect economic impact due to delays and blockades in rail traffic. Hence, security measures that focus on resilience can generate positive leverage compared to the necessary investments, but could also have an impact on the efficiency of transportation, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]].
 === Mobility ===

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-[[Category:Urban object]][[File: Railnetwork.jpg|right|200px|Rail network|link=]]A rail network is the necessary infrastructure for trains, metro or tram.
+[[Category:Urban object]][[File: Railnetwork.jpg|right|200px|Rail network|link=]]A '''rail network''' is the necessary infrastructure for trains, metro or tram.
 == Description ==
-A '''rail network''' is the necessary infrastructure for trains, metro or tram. The track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored perpendicular to members called ties (sleepers) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or rail gauge [ref wikipedia]. Turnouts, also known as points and switches, are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport#Trackage]. Signalling is used to control the direction of the switch and to prevent collisions.
+A rail network is the necessary infrastructure for trains, metro or tram. The track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored perpendicular to members called ties (sleepers) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or rail gauge [ref wikipedia]. Turnouts, also known as points and switches, are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport#Trackage]. Signalling is used to control the direction of the switch and to prevent collisions.
 The rail network can be used both for passenger and freight transport.

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 == Description ==
-A rail network is the necessary infrastructure for trains, metro or tram. The track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored perpendicular to members called ties (sleepers) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or rail gauge [ref wikipedia]. Turnouts, also known as points and switches, are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport#Trackage]. Signalling is used to control the direction of the switch and to prevent collisions.
+A '''rail network''' is the necessary infrastructure for trains, metro or tram. The track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored perpendicular to members called ties (sleepers) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or rail gauge [ref wikipedia]. Turnouts, also known as points and switches, are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport#Trackage]. Signalling is used to control the direction of the switch and to prevent collisions.
 The rail network can be used both for passenger and freight transport.

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 A rail network has an important function both for passenger transport as for freight transport.
-For passenger transport, the tram, metro and train are important means of [[public transport]], especially for daily commuters in and between larger cities. They operate according to a predefined schedule.
+For passenger transport, the tram, metro and train are important means of [[Modes of transport#Public transport|public transport]], especially for daily commuters in and between larger cities. They operate according to a predefined schedule.
 In freight transport, trains are an important means of transport. Goods can be transported by containers on freight trains. Transport by train is efficient to transport large amounts of goods in one time, especially for medium long distances for international transport.

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 === Mobility ===
+A rail network has an important function both for passenger transport as for freight transport.
+In freight transport, trains are an important means of transport. Goods can be transported by containers on freight trains. Transport by train is efficient to transport large amounts of goods in one time, especially for international transport.
+For passenger transport, the tram, metro and train are important means of [[public transport]], especially for daily commuters in and between larger cities. They operate according to a predefined schedule.
 === Safety ===
 [[Security issue: Vandalism|Vandalism]] or theft of railway materials, like copper wiring, can compromise safety mechanisms and lead to safety risks.

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 * Due to the wide extent of a rail network, complete target hardening, surveillance, access control or intervention forces over the entire network is impracticable, if not impossible. Focus of these effort should therefore be directed to the most vulnerable elements of the network.
+* For [[Security issue: Vandalism|vandalism]] and [[Security issue: Grafitti|graffiti]], reducing visibility of objects to travellers might work as [[Measure: Removal of crime motivator|removal of a crime motivator]].
-* For
-*[[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]]
-*[[Measure: Access control|Access control]]
-*[[Measure: Directing traffic flows|Directing traffic flows]]
-*[[Measure: Removing means|Removing means]]
-*[[Measure: Surveillance|Surveillance]]
-*[[Measure: Intervention force|Intervention force]]
-*[[Measure: Screening|Screening]]
-*[[Measure: Target removal|Target removal]]
-*[[Measure: Removal of crime motivator|Removal of crime motivator]]
-*[[Measure: Controlling disinhibitors|Controlling disinhibitors]]
-*[[Measure: Facilitating compliance|Facilitating compliance]]
-*[[Measure: Deflection|Deflection]]
-*[[Measure: Ownership|Ownership]]
-*[[Measure: Maintenance|Maintenance]]
 {{references}}

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 == Measures ==
 The measures for each type of security issue can be found on the respective pages. There are few measures that are specifically suited or unsuited to this kind of urban object, but some general considerations can be mentioned:
+* Due to the wide extent of a rail network, complete target hardening, surveillance, access control or intervention forces over the entire network is impracticable, if not impossible. Focus of these effort should therefore be directed to the most vulnerable elements of the network.
+* For
 *[[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]]