Primary economic impact - Revision history

Albert at 23:28, 19 January 2018

2018-01-19T23:28:24Z

Albert: /* A new highway */

2015-07-07T13:35:46Z

A new highway

John P: /* Description */

2013-10-28T11:06:38Z

Description

John P: /* Terrorism: Aviation security */

2013-05-28T13:00:52Z

Terrorism: Aviation security

John P: /* Examples of primary economic impact */

2013-05-28T12:54:03Z

Examples of primary economic impact

Albert at 23:13, 30 January 2013

2013-01-30T23:13:51Z

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 [[Category:Economic]]
-[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Primary (direct) economic impact''' is the initial, immediate [[causes::economic output]] generated by a program/project or security event. It forms a precondition for the [[causes::secondary economic impact]], since each urban development project will not only generate effects on the targeted markets, but also on other markets.
+[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Primary (direct) economic impact''' is the initial, immediate [[economic output]] generated by a program/project or security event. It forms a precondition for the [[secondary economic impact]], since each urban development project will not only generate effects on the targeted markets, but also on other markets.
 ==Description==
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 *External effects such as safety effects, environmental effects and local noise and emission effects
-The construction costs are the bulk of the investment costs, and the reduction of travel time will generate the bulk of the economic revenues. The impact on safety, the environment and the local emissions are referred to as [[comprises::external effects]], which are in some cases included in economic studies, especially in countries where indicators are available that translate these external effects into monetised variables.
+The construction costs are the bulk of the investment costs, and the reduction of travel time will generate the bulk of the economic revenues. The impact on safety, the environment and the local emissions are referred to as [[external effects]], which are in some cases included in economic studies, especially in countries where indicators are available that translate these external effects into monetised variables.
 ===A cultural forum===

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 ===A new highway===
-[[File:Snelweg A7 tijdens de avondspits.jpg|thumb|Snelweg A7 tijdens de avondspits]]
+[[File:Snelweg A7 tijdens de avondspits.jpg|thumb|Highway during rush traffic]]
 The primary economic impacts generated by a new highway consist of:
 *Construction costs (including security measures)

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 ==Description==
-Primary or "direct economic impact measures what is sometimes called the 'first round' of spending'"<ref>Event Impacts: http://www.eventimpacts.com/economic/intermediate/</ref>. Put differently, a new toll road will generate direct transactions between the users of the road and the road owner (money for a shorter travel time). Hence, these effects are in essence limited to the owner(s) and user(s) of the specific urban object and are a specific category of economic impact.
+Primary/direct economic impact measures what the so-called 'first round' of spending. Put differently, a new toll road will generate direct transactions between the users of the road and the road owner (money for a shorter travel time). Hence, these effects are in essence limited to the owner(s) and user(s) of the specific urban object and are a specific category of economic impact.
 ===Temporary versus permanent primary impact===

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 === Terrorism: Aviation security ===
+[[File:Screening in DTW Airport.jpg|thumb|Screening in DTW Airport]]
 Due to 9/11 aviation security has become a major influence in the United States and in the European Union. In 2011, the US devoted $ 6.5 billion to protect the aviation industry. This amount, however, is not the complete picture since there are also security expenditures on a local authority level, by the private sector, and by consumers (higher ticket prices). On top of that, aviation security measures also create less tangible costs, including the value of increased waiting lines at security checks at airports, and the negative connotation of security procedures.
 ===A new highway===

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 === Crime ===
 Considerable costs are incurred in relation to crime. In anticipation of crime people, companies and public organisations invest time and money in precaution measures to avoid crime such as locks, alarm prevention programs and surveillance. As a consequence of crime, there is loss of property, medical and health care costs, the costs of victim support, etc. In response to crime, finally, the public authorities spend public resources on policing, prosecution, court proceeding, sanctions, etc. (these effects are also referred to as fiscal effects).
+=== Terrorism: Aviation security ===
+Due to 9/11 aviation security has become a major influence in the United States and in the European Union. In 2011, the US devoted $ 6.5 billion to protect the aviation industry. This amount, however, is not the complete picture since there are also security expenditures on a local authority level, by the private sector, and by consumers (higher ticket prices). On top of that, aviation security measures also create less tangible costs, including the value of increased waiting lines at security checks at airports, and the negative connotation of security procedures.
 ===A new highway===

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 [[Category:Economic]]
 [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''Primary (direct) economic impact''' is the initial, immediate [[causes::economic output]] generated by a program/project or security event. It forms a precondition for the [[causes::secondary economic impact]], since each urban development project will not only generate effects on the targeted markets, but also on other markets.
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