Open and civic space - Revision history

Olav: /* Mobility */

2013-08-20T09:16:32Z

Mobility

Olav at 09:08, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:08:44Z

Olav at 09:08, 12 July 2013

2013-07-12T09:08:23Z

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-10T11:55:29Z

Economic

Olav: /* Safety */

2013-04-23T10:58:04Z

Safety

Olav: /* Safety */

2013-04-23T10:57:35Z

Safety

Florian: /* Social */

2013-04-10T14:11:58Z

Social

Florian: /* Social */

2013-04-10T14:09:54Z

Social

Florian: /* Social */

2013-04-10T14:04:11Z

Social

Albert: Text replace - "Reaction force" to "Intervention force"

2013-03-27T11:31:19Z

Text replace - "Reaction force" to "Intervention force"

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 The scale of open space should be aligned with the level of attraction and accessibility (e.g. a large regional park should be proximate to a major transport interchange to facilitate use and visitation by large numbers).
-Recreational open spaces are mostly visited by pedestrians and cyclists. Walking and cycling paths and bicycle parking places should be available in order to facilitate vulnerable road users and [[Directing flows of people|direct these flows of people]].
+Recreational open spaces are mostly visited by pedestrians and cyclists. Walking and cycling paths and bicycle parking places should be available in order to facilitate vulnerable road users and [[Measure: Directing traffic flows|direct these flows of people]].
 The open character of open and civic spaces may prevent crime; [[Residential#cul-de-sacs|cul-de-sacs]] and roads/paths and parking places near dark corners should be avoided.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 12 July 2013
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	[[File:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg\|right\|200x200px\|link=]]''''Open and civic space''' is a type of [[Urban object]] that encompasses the public realm, urban squares and public parks and recreation space. It is a sub category of the urban object type [[Social facilities, open and civic space]]		[[File:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg\|right\|200x200px\|link=]]'''Open and civic space''' is a type of [[Urban object]] that encompasses the public realm, urban squares and public parks and recreation space. It is a sub category of the urban object type [[Social facilities, open and civic space]]

	== Description ==		== Description ==

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-[[File:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]Open and civic space is a type of [[Urban object]] that encompasses the public realm, urban squares and public parks and recreation space. It is a sub category of the urban object type [[Social facilities, open and civic space]]
+[[File:OPEN_AND_CIVIC_SPACE.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]''''Open and civic space''' is a type of [[Urban object]] that encompasses the public realm, urban squares and public parks and recreation space. It is a sub category of the urban object type [[Social facilities, open and civic space]]
 == Description ==
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 Well-designed and maintained open and civic spaces can give an area a sense of identity and character, and provide a focal point for a community. These spaces also act as a forum for community activities. In addition, green open spaces also have environmental benefits, providing a habitat for local wildlife and a natural filter for air pollutants. In particular, open and civic spaces can contribute to increasing [[resilience]] and reducing [[vulnerability]] of urban communities, by aspects such as the following:
-* Contribute to community health and well being – physical and mental health and quality of life;
+* Contribute to the health and well being of the community – physical and mental health, and quality of life;
 * Enhance the public realm;
 * Passive and active recreation, including relaxation and children's play;

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 Security measures have an economic impact (in terms of costs and benefits) which can be considerable. Another way to enhance security is by design, e.g. the [[Designing out approach|designing out approach]], or as an aspect of [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], which seeks a balanced consideration of social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects in urban design<ref>Including fundamental issues such as how affordability can be reconciled with a secure/safe place to live, and how an imbalance between affluence and deprivation can be prevented.</ref>. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-| SP: Important attractor for major enterprise is a quality urban environment (for staff, etc) – enhancement and attracting business and industry;
-* Protection of property values (urban objects);
-* Natural capital;
-* Cost-benefit analysis of open space, and quantum necessary per capita;
-* Role of open space in the (socio) economic development of the urban environment (factors which are important – this could be compared with the measures to address security issues to check that these factors are not compromised);
-* Tourism.
-|}
 === Mobility ===

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 Safety in all its forms, is an important function for the perceived quality of these environments. The presence of children in open and civic space further elevate the required safety standards. However well as these environments are designed to provide safety, the safety function can be deteriorated by crime. Examples of crime deteriorating safety are:
-* [[Image:- Cildren's playground -.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Vandalism to children's playgrounds, for instance, can create unsafe situations]][[Security issue: Vandalism|Vandalism]]: destruction of safety features (such as traffic signs, fencing around dangerous areas or child-safe playgrounds) can lead to dangerous situations and safety hazards.
+* [[Image:- Cildren's playground -.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Vandalism to, for instance, children's playgrounds can create unsafe situations]][[Security issue: Vandalism|Vandalism]]: destruction of safety features (such as traffic signs, fencing around dangerous areas or child-safe playgrounds) can lead to dangerous situations and safety hazards.
 * [[Security issue: Antisocial behaviour| Antisocial behaviour]] can for instance endanger people by generating street litter, such as broken bottles.
 * [[Security issue: Drug offences| Drug offences]] can also lead to dangerous litter, such as used needles.

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 * Social contact and integration, not least in underprivileged neighbourhoods.
-At the same time, open and civic spaces are part of urban infrastructure that can also attract hazard, such as [[crime]], [[violence]], or [[vandalism]]. In responding this at the level of urban planning, it is important to consider social mechanisms of risk perception and perceived needs to protect infrastructure, since these may considerably differ from professional risk assessments. Security-related urban planning that addresses open and civic space should therefore include [[citizen participation]]-based methods.
+At the same time, open and civic spaces are part of urban infrastructure that can also attract hazard, such as [[crime]], violence, or [[vandalism]]. In responding this at the level of urban planning, it is important to consider social mechanisms of risk perception and perceived needs to protect infrastructure, since these may considerably differ from professional risk assessments. Security-related urban planning that addresses open and civic space should therefore include [[citizen participation]]-based methods.
 === Economic ===

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 * [[Measure: Target hardening|Target hardening]] can be used to increase the effort to commit vandalism or graffiti. An other form of target hardening can also be employed to delay the effect of riots to the point when sufficient intervention force can be employed.
 * [[measure: Surveillance|Surveillance]] can be effective against vandalism or graffiti when perpetrators can be detected and corrected fast enough.
-* [[Measure: Reaction force|Reaction force]] is needed to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance effective.
+* [[Measure: Intervention force|Intervention force]] is needed to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance effective.
 '''Below may be surplus to requirements'''