Office - Revision history

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-04T08:58:20Z

Economic

Olav at 11:45, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T11:45:14Z

Olav at 11:41, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T11:41:35Z

Florian at 09:51, 26 June 2013

2013-06-26T09:51:09Z

Florian: /* Social */

2013-06-05T11:20:22Z

Social

Florian: /* Social */

2013-06-05T11:19:42Z

Social

Florian: /* Social */

2013-06-05T10:47:14Z

Social

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-06T08:07:22Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-06T08:02:48Z

Economic

Florian: /* Social */

2013-04-10T13:10:02Z

Social

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 Office space primarily accommodates commercial and public activities performed by individuals and groups of people. Together with residential, retail and industrial areas, office space is one of the most valuable urban spatial structures due to its [[Economic impact|economic effects]] for the local, regional and national economy (both in terms of office space development<ref>Office development creates direct construction activity ([[Primary economic impact|primary economic impact]], including planning professionals, commercial real estate agents, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). The [[Secondary economic impact|secondary impact]] of construction generates business for a variety of business types such as insurance companies, cleaning services, security companies, etc. On the long term, office space creates local jobs, income and taxes generated by the consumption and other spending of office users (e.g. for lunch, office products, office maintenance, etc.).</ref> and the commercial activities that take place in these premises). In sum, office development can be a catalyst for wider economic regeneration. The economic impact of offices can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
-The location of office space in terms of economic reasoning is for a large part determined by the accessibility of the location per car or public transport, the availability of parking space, image and representativeness, and the availability of adequately skilled labour. The location of office space in more remote parts of the urban environment can raise specific security issues (e.g. burglary, vehicle theft, assault, etc.). In general, burglary and vandalism are the most relevant security issues to be considered for office space. These type of crimes generate [[Economic impact of security threats|economic effects]] in terms of anticipation (e.g. security locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence (e.g. loss of valuable property), and in response to (police investigation, legal system, etc.) the criminal event. As a secondary impact, crime has (amongst others) an [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact|economic impact]] on the local real estate value.
+The location of office space in terms of economic reasoning is for a large part determined by the accessibility of the location per car or public transport, the availability of parking space, image and representativeness, and the availability of adequately skilled labour. The location of office space in more remote parts of the urban environment can raise specific security issues (e.g. burglary, vehicle theft, assault, etc.). In general, burglary and vandalism are the most relevant security issues to be considered for office space. These type of crimes generate [[Economic impact of security threats|economic effects]] in terms of anticipation (e.g. security locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence (e.g. loss of valuable property), and in response to (police investigation, legal system, etc.) the criminal event. As a secondary impact, crime has (amongst others) an [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact|economic impact]] (of crime) on the local real estate value.
 Security measures such as intervention force, target hardening, surveillance, mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.

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 Office space primarily accommodates commercial and public activities performed by individuals and groups of people. Together with residential, retail and industrial areas, office space is one of the most valuable urban spatial structures due to its [[Economic impact|economic effects]] for the local, regional and national economy (both in terms of office space development<ref>Office development creates direct construction activity ([[Primary economic impact|primary economic impact]], including planning professionals, commercial real estate agents, attorneys, designers, marketing, landscaping, etc.). The [[Secondary economic impact|secondary impact]] of construction generates business for a variety of business types such as insurance companies, cleaning services, security companies, etc. On the long term, office space creates local jobs, income and taxes generated by the consumption and other spending of office users (e.g. for lunch, office products, office maintenance, etc.).</ref> and the commercial activities that take place in these premises). In sum, office development can be a catalyst for wider economic regeneration. The economic impact of offices can be estimated with the help of [[Economic tools|economic tools/techniques]].
-The location of office space in terms of economic reasoning is for a large part determined by the accessibility of the location per car or public transport, the availability of parking space, image and representativeness, and the availability of adequately skilled labour. The location of office space in more remote parts of the city/urban environment can raise specific security issues (e.g. burglary, vehicle theft, assault, etc.). In general, burglary and vandalism are the most relevant security issues to be considered for office space. These type of crimes generate [[Economic impact of security threats|economic effects]] in terms of anticipation (e.g. security locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence (e.g. loss of valuable property), and in response to (police investigation, legal system, etc.) the criminal event. As a secondary impact, crime has (amongst others) an [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact|economic impact]] on the local real estate value.
+The location of office space in terms of economic reasoning is for a large part determined by the accessibility of the location per car or public transport, the availability of parking space, image and representativeness, and the availability of adequately skilled labour. The location of office space in more remote parts of the urban environment can raise specific security issues (e.g. burglary, vehicle theft, assault, etc.). In general, burglary and vandalism are the most relevant security issues to be considered for office space. These type of crimes generate [[Economic impact of security threats|economic effects]] in terms of anticipation (e.g. security locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence (e.g. loss of valuable property), and in response to (police investigation, legal system, etc.) the criminal event. As a secondary impact, crime has (amongst others) an [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact|economic impact]] on the local real estate value.
 Security measures such as intervention force, target hardening, surveillance, mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.

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 == Functions ==
 === Social ===
-One of the key social functions of office employment is in the provision of employment for citizens. The growth of the economy and societal development relies on maintaining a low unemployment rate and providing opportunities for office (and other) employment. Societal functionality requires goods and services, the latter of which are often provided through office-based activities. The locating of office development and its impact and contribution to the urban area is an important feature in urban planning, where job creation and employment policy are important features.
+One of the key social functions of office employment is in the provision of employment for citizens. The growth of the economy and societal development relies on maintaining a low unemployment rate and providing opportunities for employment. Societal functionality requires goods and services, the latter of which are often provided through office-based activities. The location of office development is an important feature in urban planning because of its impact and contribution to the urban area, as job creation and employment policy are usually important features in urban planning.
-Vulnerability assessment for urban infrastructure of the office type from the social point of view should include the following aspects:
+Vulnerability assessment for offices as urban infrastructure should include the following aspects from asocial point of view:
 *[[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|List of indicators for assessment of subjective protection requirements of critical infrastructure]];
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 *[[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|Societal aspects of failure of critical services]].
-For example, we know that perceived direct benefit of an infrastructure (such as of office infrastructure, which benefits the generation of one’s income) increases felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect it; this effect will be amplified by the fact that individual dependence, also a relevant aspect of office infrastructure,  increases citizens’ felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect.<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>
+For example, it is known that the perceived direct benefit of an infrastructure (such as office infrastructure, which generates one’s income) increases the felt risk to that infrastructure and the need to protect it.<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>
-Aspects like those listed above show how important it is to involve future users in risk assessment and planning for office objects. VITRUV identified a set of general practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. Related to office-type urban structure, a suitable participation method would be the [[Future Workshop]], where urban planners and future office users develop visions and scenarios for physical and social settings for office objects in urban environments that are secure and are also perceived as secure.
+Aspects like those listed above show the importance to involve future users in risk assessment and planning for office objects. VITRUV identified a set of general practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. Related to office-type urban structure, a suitable participation method would be the [[Future Workshop]], where urban planners and future office users develop visions and scenarios for physical and social settings for office objects in urban environments that are secure and are also perceived as secure.
 === Economic ===

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 Vulnerability assessment for urban infrastructure of the office type from the social point of view should include the following aspects:
-*[[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|List of indicators for assessment of subjective protection requirements of critical infrastructure]]
+*[[Vulnerability#Social.2Fcommunity_vulnerability|List of indicators for assessment of subjective protection requirements of critical infrastructure]];
-*[[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrasture_failure_on_citizens_and_society|Types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society and needs to protect it]]
+*[[Critical_infrastructure#Types_of_impact_of_critical_infrastructure_failure_on_citizens_and_society|Types of impact of critical infrastucture failure on citizens and society as well as needs to protect it]];
-*[[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|Societal aspects of failure of critical services]]
+*[[Failure_of_critical_services#Societal_aspects|Societal aspects of failure of critical services]].
 For example, we know that perceived direct benefit of an infrastructure (such as of office infrastructure, which benefits the generation of one’s income) increases felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect it; this effect will be amplified by the fact that individual dependence, also a relevant aspect of office infrastructure,  increases citizens’ felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect.<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 For example, we know that perceived direct benefit of an infrastructure (such as of office infrastructure, which benefits the generation of one’s income) increases felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect it; this effect will be amplified by the fact that individual dependence, also a relevant aspect of office infrastructure,  increases citizens’ felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect.<ref>Cf. Coppola, D.P.: Introduction to International Disaster Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, pp. 164-166; Siedschlag, A./Jerković, A.: Summary of CPSI Country Case Studies: Austria – Bulgaria – France – Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Sweden – United Kingdom. Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna, CEUSS | Centre for European Security Studies, Analytical Standpoint, No. 13, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.esci.at/eusipo/asp13.pdf; Slovic, P./Fischhoff, B./Lichtenstein, S.: Facts and Fears: Societal Perception of Risk. In: Monroe, K.B./Abor, A. (eds.): Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 497-502. Retrieved from: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/display.asp?id=5844.</ref>
-Aspects like those listed above show how important it is to involve future users in risk assessment and planning for office objects. VITRUV identified a set of general practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. Related to office-type urban structure, a suitable participation method would be the [[future workshop]], where urban planners and future office users develop visions and scenarios for physical and social settings for office objects in urban environments that are secure and are also perceived as secure.
+Aspects like those listed above show how important it is to involve future users in risk assessment and planning for office objects. VITRUV identified a set of general practical methods for such [[citizen participation]]. Related to office-type urban structure, a suitable participation method would be the [[Future Workshop]], where urban planners and future office users develop visions and scenarios for physical and social settings for office objects in urban environments that are secure and are also perceived as secure.
 === Economic ===

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 The location of office space in terms of economic reasoning is for a large part determined by the accessibility of the location per car or public transport, the availability of parking space, image and representativeness, and the availability of adequately skilled labour. The location of office space in more remote parts of the city/urban environment can raise specific security issues (e.g. burglary, vehicle theft, assault, etc.). In general, burglary and vandalism are the most relevant security issues to be considered for office space. These type of crimes generate [[Economic impact of security threats|economic effects]] in terms of anticipation (e.g. security locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence (e.g. loss of valuable property), and in response to (police investigation, legal system, etc.) the criminal event. As a secondary impact, crime has (amongst others) an [[Economic effects of crime#Secondary economic impact|economic impact]] on the local real estate value.
-Security measures mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.
+Security measures such as intervention force, target hardening, surveillance, mitigate the negative effects of crime and terrorism, but are not without direct investment costs (both temporary and permanent) and more indirect economic effects, [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|the economic effects of security measures]]. The ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process could be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and to reduce the economic damage. In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.
 === Mobility ===