Measure: Removal of crime motivator - Revision history

Albert at 12:46, 1 November 2019

2019-11-01T12:46:40Z

Albert at 12:28, 1 November 2019

2019-11-01T12:28:08Z

Albert: /* Effectiveness */

2019-10-30T22:01:56Z

Effectiveness

Albert: /* Legal considerations */

2013-12-18T18:07:28Z

Legal considerations

Albert: /* Legal considerations */

2013-12-18T17:00:06Z

Legal considerations

John P: /* Economic considerations */

2013-11-25T13:02:15Z

Economic considerations

John P: /* Economic considerations */

2013-11-22T15:05:53Z

Economic considerations

John P: /* Economic considerations */

2013-11-22T14:07:57Z

Economic considerations

John P: /* Economic considerations */

2013-11-22T13:13:29Z

Economic considerations

John P: /* Economic considerations */

2013-11-22T13:13:14Z

Economic considerations

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 == Effectiveness ==
-Security issues where this measure can be effective and influenced by the urban planner, are (<span style="color:silver">greyed-out</span> are not or only marginally effective):
+Security issues where this measure can be effective and influenced by the urban planner, are{{#tip-info:these measures are not or less appropriate or effective against <span style="color:silver">greyed-out</span> security issues}}:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |- style="background:#f0f0f0;

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ! Financial gain !! Boredom or compulsive behaviour !! Impulse !! Conflict in beliefs
 |-
-| <span style="color:silver">Burglary</span>{{#info:Burglary is the crime of illicitly entering a building with the intent to commit an offence, particularly (but not limited to) theft.}} || <span style="color:silver">Physical assault</span>{{#info:Assault, is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear or to experience any type of violence, except for sexual violence}} || [[Security issue: Destruction by riots|Destruction by riots]]{{#info:Destruction by riots is the act of vandalism of property by organised groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.}} || <span style="color:silver">Mass killing</span>{{#info:Mass killing is the crime of purposely causing harm or death to a group of (unknown) people in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This threat is exerted out of wilful action by fanatics: terrorists or criminal activists.}}
+| <span style="color:silver">Burglary</span>{{#tip-info:Burglary is the crime of illicitly entering a building with the intent to commit an offence, particularly (but not limited to) theft.}} || <span style="color:silver">Physical assault</span>{{#tip-info:Assault, is a crime which involves causing a victim to fear or to experience any type of violence, except for sexual violence}} || [[Security issue: Destruction by riots|Destruction by riots]]{{#tip-info:Destruction by riots is the act of vandalism of property by organised groups for a shared rational or rationalised reason.}} || <span style="color:silver">Mass killing</span>{{#tip-info:Mass killing is the crime of purposely causing harm or death to a group of (unknown) people in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion. This threat is exerted out of wilful action by fanatics: terrorists or criminal activists.}}
 |-
-| <span style="color:silver">Ram-raiding</span>{{#info:Ram raid is a particular technique for burglars to gain access to primarily commercial premises, by means of driving -usually stolen- vehicles into locked or closed entrances, exits or windows.}}|| <span style="color:silver">Sexual assault</span>{{#info:Sexual assault is assault of a sexual nature on another person, or any sexual act committed without consent}} ||  || <span style="color:silver">Destruction of property by fanatics</span>{{#info:Destruction by fanatics is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion.}}
+| <span style="color:silver">Ram-raiding</span>{{#tip-info:Ram raid is a particular technique for burglars to gain access to primarily commercial premises, by means of driving -usually stolen- vehicles into locked or closed entrances, exits or windows.}}|| <span style="color:silver">Sexual assault</span>{{#tip-info:Sexual assault is assault of a sexual nature on another person, or any sexual act committed without consent}} ||  || <span style="color:silver">Destruction of property by fanatics</span>{{#tip-info:Destruction by fanatics is the crime of purposely causing damage in order to make a statement or to influence the public opinion.}}
 |-
-| <span style="color:silver">Pickpocketing</span>{{#info:Pickpocketing is a form of theft that involves the stealing of valuables from a victim without their noticing the theft at the time. }} || <span style="color:silver">Vandalism</span>{{#info:Vandalism is the act of wilful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of property without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control.}} ||  ||
+| <span style="color:silver">Pickpocketing</span>{{#tip-info:Pickpocketing is a form of theft that involves the stealing of valuables from a victim without their noticing the theft at the time. }} || <span style="color:silver">Vandalism</span>{{#tip-info:Vandalism is the act of wilful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of property without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control.}} ||  ||
 |-
-| <span style="color:silver">Robbery</span>{{#info:Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. It is used her exclusively for acts committed to individual persons.}} || <span style="color:silver">Graffiti</span>{{#info:Grafitti is the defacement of property by means of writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed on a surface in a public place without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control. }} || ||
+| <span style="color:silver">Robbery</span>{{#tip-info:Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. It is used her exclusively for acts committed to individual persons.}} || <span style="color:silver">Graffiti</span>{{#tip-info:Grafitti is the defacement of property by means of writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed on a surface in a public place without the consent of the owner or person having custody or control. }} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="color:silver">Raid</span>{{#info:Raid is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value from a commercial venue by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear.}} || <span style="color:silver">Antisocial Behaviour</span>{{#info:Antisocial behaviour is an accumulation category of relatively small crimes that highly influence the security perception of citizens. }} || ||
+| <span style="color:silver">Raid</span>{{#tip-info:Raid is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value from a commercial venue by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear.}} || <span style="color:silver">Antisocial Behaviour</span>{{#tip-info:Antisocial behaviour is an accumulation category of relatively small crimes that highly influence the security perception of citizens. }} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="color:silver">Vehicle theft</span>{{#info:Vehicle theft is the crime of theft, or attempt of theft of or from a motor vehicle (automobile, truck, bus, motorcycle, etc.).}} || ||  ||
+| <span style="color:silver">Vehicle theft</span>{{#tip-info:Vehicle theft is the crime of theft, or attempt of theft of or from a motor vehicle (automobile, truck, bus, motorcycle, etc.).}} || ||  ||
 |-
 |}

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 == Effectiveness ==
-Security issues where this measure can be effective and influenced by the urban planner, are:
+Security issues where this measure can be effective and influenced by the urban planner, are (<span style="color:silver">greyed-out</span> are not or only marginally effective):
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |- style="background:#f0f0f0;

@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 === Legal considerations ===
 Legal considerations when considering removal of crime motivator measures are:
-* Appearance - Measures for removal of crime motivator may conflict with appearance rules
+* [[legal aspects#Appearance|Appearance]] - Measures for removal of crime motivator may conflict with appearance rules
 {{references}}

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 === Legal considerations ===
+Legal considerations when considering removal of crime motivator measures are:
-Detailed [[Legal aspects|legal]] coverage of the measure of removal of crime motivator is needed at the level of detail implications, for example splitting groups of people in order to reduce motivation for riots.
+* Appearance - Measures for removal of crime motivator may conflict with appearance rules
-VITRUV offers a [[Legal_aspects#Summary_table_of_legal_aspects_in_urban_planning|summary checklist]] and a [[Determination_of_security_aspects_-_methods_for_urban_planners#Methods_to_determine_legal_aspects_in_planning_of_public_spaces|list of methods]] to assess legal aspects in resilience-enhancing urban planning.
 {{references}}

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 From a [[The economics of crime|rational-economic]] perspective, the resolvement of potential rewards will (in a positive way) shake up the risk-benefit analysis of a (potential) criminal whether or not to commit a crime. Put differently, it will make the next best alternative more attractive compared to the intended criminal act, increasing its [[opportunity cost]]. This process of deterring and preventing a criminal act leads to a reduction in crime, and automatically also of the negative [[Economic effects of crime|economic impact of crime]]. The installment of vandal proof glass, for instance, will not just prevent material and immaterial damage to urban objects and infrastructural facilities, but will also prevent [[Secondary economic impact|indirect]] economic damage to the economy, as it contributes to a safe and whole environment (attracting economic activity).
-The economic cost of  measures like the removal of crime motivators contain the relatively straightforward [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Direct (primary) costs of security|direct expenditures]] on capital equipment and operational costs such as investments in coatings for wall (against graffiti) or the construction of vandalism-prone objects. In addition, the removal of crime motivator generates various types of [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|secondary effects]] as the result of subsequent rounds of expenditure ('re-expenditures') of business companies, households and public authorities outside the security market.
+The economic cost of  measures like the removal of crime motivators contain the relatively straightforward [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Direct (primary) costs of security|direct expenditures]] on capital equipment and operational cost such as investments in coatings for wall (against graffiti) or the construction of vandalism-prone objects. In addition, the removal of crime motivator generates various types of [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|secondary effects]] as the result of subsequent rounds of expenditure ('re-expenditures') of business companies, households and public authorities outside the security market.
-Considering the direct and indirect costs of security measures, one should always investigate if the potential benefits of the specific set of security measures outweigh its costs. Of course, the answer to this question depends on many factors and the specific situation. Nevertheless, two fundamental aspects of this economic analysis should always be part of this investigation. These aspects are:
+Considering the direct and indirect cost of security measures, one should always investigate if the potential benefits of the specific set of security measures outweigh its cost. Of course, the answer to this question depends on many factors and the specific situation. Nevertheless, two fundamental aspects of this economic analysis should always be part of this investigation. These aspects are:
 # Are the envisioned measures cost effective from a socioeconomic point of view, or do there exist better alternatives?
 # Which specific agents (individuals, companies, sectors, authorities) are affected by the envisioned measures, and to which extend? How do the envisioned measures change/alter the behaviour of these agents, and, of course, the [[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|behaviour of criminals/terrorists (in economic terms)]]?
-[[Economic tools]] can help decision makers to answer these questions and to prevent wasteful expenditures on security. In terms of benefit-cost ratio, the removal of crime motivators can be considered as a type of security measure which in a relatively subtle way increases security, in contrast to measures such as security guards, big concrete walls and barb wire that may be pervasive, but can also arouse feelings of fear and anxiety<ref>Coaffee, J., P. O’Hare, and M. Hawkesworth (2009): The Visibility of (In)security: The Aesthetics of Planning Urban Defences Against Terrorism. Security Dialogue 2009 40:489.</ref>. As this specific security measure belongs to the [[designing out approach]], or to [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], it indeed in general demands larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time these (more sustainable) types of measures will avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime (see the case example below).
+[[Economic tools]] can help decision makers to answer these questions and to prevent wasteful expenditures on security. In terms of benefit-cost ratio, the removal of crime motivators can be considered as a type of security measure which in a relatively subtle way increases security, in contrast to measures such as security guards, big concrete walls and barb wire that may be pervasive, but can also arouse feelings of fear and anxiety<ref>Coaffee, J., P. O’Hare, and M. Hawkesworth (2009): The Visibility of (In)security: The Aesthetics of Planning Urban Defences Against Terrorism. Security Dialogue 2009 40:489.</ref>. As this specific security measure belongs to the [[designing out approach]], or to [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], it indeed in general demands larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time these (more sustainable) types of measures will avoid future cost due to the long-term prevention of crime (see the case example below).
 ''Cost-effectiveness of removal of crime motivators aimed at criminal juveniles:''

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 === Economic considerations ===
-From a [[The economics of crime|rational-economic]] perspective, the resolvement of potential rewards will (in a positive way) shake up the risk-benefit analysis of a (potential) criminal whether or not to commit a crime. Put differently, it will make the next best alternative more attractive compared to the intended criminal act, increasing its [[opportunity cost]]. This process of deterring and preventing a criminal act leads to a reduction in crime, and automatically also of the negative [[Economic effects of crime|economic impact of crime]]. The installment of vandal proof glass, for instance, will not just prevent material and immaterial damage to urban objects and infrastructural facilities, but will also prevent [[Secondary economic impact|indirect]] economic damage to the economy  as it contributes to a safe and whole environment, attracting economic activity.
+From a [[The economics of crime|rational-economic]] perspective, the resolvement of potential rewards will (in a positive way) shake up the risk-benefit analysis of a (potential) criminal whether or not to commit a crime. Put differently, it will make the next best alternative more attractive compared to the intended criminal act, increasing its [[opportunity cost]]. This process of deterring and preventing a criminal act leads to a reduction in crime, and automatically also of the negative [[Economic effects of crime|economic impact of crime]]. The installment of vandal proof glass, for instance, will not just prevent material and immaterial damage to urban objects and infrastructural facilities, but will also prevent [[Secondary economic impact|indirect]] economic damage to the economy, as it contributes to a safe and whole environment (attracting economic activity).
 The economic cost of  measures like the removal of crime motivators contain the relatively straightforward [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Direct (primary) costs of security|direct expenditures]] on capital equipment and operational costs such as investments in coatings for wall (against graffiti) or the construction of vandalism-prone objects. In addition, the removal of crime motivator generates various types of [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures#Indirect (secondary) costs of security|secondary effects]] as the result of subsequent rounds of expenditure ('re-expenditures') of business companies, households and public authorities outside the security market.

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 # Which specific agents (individuals, companies, sectors, authorities) are affected by the envisioned measures, and to which extend? How do the envisioned measures change/alter the behaviour of these agents, and, of course, the [[The economics of criminal and terrorist behaviour|behaviour of criminals/terrorists (in economic terms)]]?
-[[Economic tools]] can help decision makers to answer these questions and to prevent wasteful expenditures on security. In terms of benefit-cost ratio, removal of crime motivator can be considered as a type of security measure which in a relatively subtle way increases security, in contrast to measures such as security guards, big concrete walls and barb wire that may be pervasive, but can also arouse feelings of fear and anxiety<ref>Coaffee, J., P. O’Hare, and M. Hawkesworth (2009): The Visibility of (In)security: The Aesthetics of Planning Urban Defences Against Terrorism. Security Dialogue 2009 40:489.</ref>. As this specific security measure belongs to the [[designing out approach]], or to [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], it for sure demands larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time these types of measures will avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime (see the case example below).
+[[Economic tools]] can help decision makers to answer these questions and to prevent wasteful expenditures on security. In terms of benefit-cost ratio, the removal of crime motivators can be considered as a type of security measure which in a relatively subtle way increases security, in contrast to measures such as security guards, big concrete walls and barb wire that may be pervasive, but can also arouse feelings of fear and anxiety<ref>Coaffee, J., P. O’Hare, and M. Hawkesworth (2009): The Visibility of (In)security: The Aesthetics of Planning Urban Defences Against Terrorism. Security Dialogue 2009 40:489.</ref>. As this specific security measure belongs to the [[designing out approach]], or to [[Sustainable design|sustainable design]], it indeed in general demands larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time these types of measures will avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime (see the case example below).
 ''Cost-effectiveness of removal of crime motivators aimed at criminal juveniles:''